Hydrogen is the universe's simplest and most abundant element. With just one proton in its nucleus and a single electron orbiting this core, hydrogen stands as the foundational block of all chemical elements.
Atomic Number | 1 |
Atomic Mass | 1.01 u |
Standard State | Gas |
Electron Configuration | 1s1 |
Oxidation States | -1, +1 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 120 pm |
Ionization Energy | 1312.0 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 72.769 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 14.01 K |
Boiling Point | 20.28 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 0.00008988 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1766 |
Helium is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is the second lightest and second most abundant element in the observable universe. It's often used in balloons and as a coolant in scientific applications due to its low boiling point.
Atomic Number | 2 |
Atomic Mass | 4.00 u |
Standard State | Gas |
Electron Configuration | 1s2 |
Oxidation States | 0 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 140 pm |
Ionization Energy | 2372.3 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 0 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | None |
Boiling Point | 4.22 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 0.0001786 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1868 |
Lithium is a soft, silvery-white metal that is the lightest metal and the least dense solid element. It's widely used in rechargeable batteries for mobile phones, laptops, and electric vehicles.
Atomic Number | 3 |
Atomic Mass | 7.00 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [He] 2s1 |
Oxidation States | +1 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 182 pm |
Ionization Energy | 520.2 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 59.6326 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 453.65 K |
Boiling Point | 1615 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 0.534 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1817 |
Beryllium is a hard, gray metal known for its stiffness, lightweight, and high melting point. It is used in aerospace materials, nuclear reactors, and various types of alloys.
Atomic Number | 4 |
Atomic Mass | 9.01 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [He] 2s2 |
Oxidation States | +2 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 153 pm |
Ionization Energy | 899.5 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 0 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 1560 K |
Boiling Point | 2742 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 1.85 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1798 |
Boron is a metalloid with properties between metals and nonmetals. It is essential in glassmaking and ceramics, and it plays a crucial role in agriculture as a micronutrient.
Atomic Number | 5 |
Atomic Mass | 10.81 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [He] 2s2 2p1 |
Oxidation States | +3 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 192 pm |
Ionization Energy | 800.6 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 26.989 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 2349 K |
Boiling Point | 4200 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 2.34 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1808 |
Carbon is a nonmetal with several forms, including graphite and diamond. It is the basis of organic chemistry, the study of carbon-containing compounds, which are essential to life.
Atomic Number | 6 |
Atomic Mass | 12.01 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [He] 2s2 2p2 |
Oxidation States | -4, +4 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 170 pm |
Ionization Energy | 1086.5 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 153.9 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 3823 K |
Boiling Point | None |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 2.267 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | Ancient |
Nitrogen is a colorless, odorless gas that makes up about 78% of Earth's atmosphere. It is vital for all living organisms as a major component of amino acids and proteins.
Atomic Number | 7 |
Atomic Mass | 14.01 u |
Standard State | Gas |
Electron Configuration | [He] 2s2 2p3 |
Oxidation States | -3, +5 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 155 pm |
Ionization Energy | 1402.3 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | -6.8 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 63.15 K |
Boiling Point | 77.36 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 0.0012506 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1772 |
Oxygen is a highly reactive nonmetal and oxidizing agent that readily forms oxides with most elements. It is essential for respiration in most living organisms and is the most abundant element in the Earth's crust.
Atomic Number | 8 |
Atomic Mass | 15.99 u |
Standard State | Gas |
Electron Configuration | [He] 2s2 2p4 |
Oxidation States | -2 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 152 pm |
Ionization Energy | 1313.9 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 141 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 54.36 K |
Boiling Point | 90.20 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 0.001429 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1774 |
Fluorine is a pale yellow, highly reactive gas. It is the most electronegative element and is used in toothpaste to prevent dental cavities and in the manufacture of Teflon for non-stick cookware.
Atomic Number | 9 |
Atomic Mass | 18.99 u |
Standard State | Gas |
Electron Configuration | [He] 2s2 2p5 |
Oxidation States | -1 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 147 pm |
Ionization Energy | 1681.0 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 328 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 53.48 K |
Boiling Point | 85.03 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 0.001696 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1886 |
Neon is a noble gas known for its distinct reddish-orange glow when used in neon signs. It is inert and does not react with other elements, making it useful in high-voltage indicators and vacuum tubes.
Atomic Number | 10 |
Atomic Mass | 20.18 u |
Standard State | Gas |
Electron Configuration | [He] 2s2 2p6 |
Oxidation States | 0 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 154 pm |
Ionization Energy | 2080.7 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 0 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 24.56 K |
Boiling Point | 27.07 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 0.0008999 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1898 |
Sodium is a highly reactive metal and an essential element for all living organisms. It is used in the production of glass, paper, soap, and in many other industries.
Atomic Number | 11 |
Atomic Mass | 22.99 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Ne] 3s1 |
Oxidation States | +1 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 227 pm |
Ionization Energy | 495.8 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 52.867 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 370.87 K |
Boiling Point | 1156 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 0.968 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1807 |
Magnesium is a shiny gray metal with a low density and high strength-to-weight ratio. It is used in the manufacture of lightweight materials, fireworks, and as an essential element in biological processes.
Atomic Number | 12 |
Atomic Mass | 24.31 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Ne] 3s2 |
Oxidation States | +2 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 173 pm |
Ionization Energy | 737.7 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 0 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 923 K |
Boiling Point | 1363 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 1.738 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1808 |
Aluminum is a lightweight, silvery-white metal used extensively in packaging, construction, and transportation. It is known for its resistance to corrosion and its high conductivity.
Atomic Number | 13 |
Atomic Mass | 26.98 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Ne] 3s2 3p1 |
Oxidation States | +3 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 184 pm |
Ionization Energy | 577.5 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 41.762 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 933.47 K |
Boiling Point | 2743 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 2.698 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1825 |
Silicon is a hard, brittle crystalline solid and a key component in semiconductors and solar cells. It is the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust.
Atomic Number | 14 |
Atomic Mass | 28.09 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Ne] 3s2 3p2 |
Oxidation States | -4, +4 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 210 pm |
Ionization Energy | 786.5 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 134.068 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 1687 K |
Boiling Point | 3538 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 2.329 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1854 |
Phosphorus is a highly reactive, nonmetallic element found in several allotropic forms. It is essential for life, being a key component of DNA, RNA, and ATP.
Atomic Number | 15 |
Atomic Mass | 30.97 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Ne] 3s2 3p3 |
Oxidation States | -3, +5 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 180 pm |
Ionization Energy | 1011.8 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 72.037 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 317.30 K |
Boiling Point | 553.65 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 1.82 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1669 |
Sulfur is a yellow, nonmetallic element known for its distinctive smell when burned. It is used in the production of sulfuric acid, fertilizers, and in vulcanization of rubber.
Atomic Number | 16 |
Atomic Mass | 32.07 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Ne] 3s2 3p4 |
Oxidation States | -2, +6 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 180 pm |
Ionization Energy | 999.6 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 200 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 388.36 K |
Boiling Point | 717.87 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 2.067 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | Ancient |
Chlorine is a greenish-yellow gas that is highly reactive and used as a disinfectant. It is essential in the production of PVC and other industrial chemicals.
Atomic Number | 17 |
Atomic Mass | 35.45 u |
Standard State | Gas |
Electron Configuration | [Ne] 3s2 3p5 |
Oxidation States | -1 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 175 pm |
Ionization Energy | 1251.2 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 349.0 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 171.6 K |
Boiling Point | 239.11 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 0.003214 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1774 |
Argon is an inert noble gas that makes up about 1% of the Earth's atmosphere. It is used in welding, lighting, and as a protective atmosphere for growing silicon crystals.
Atomic Number | 18 |
Atomic Mass | 39.90 u |
Standard State | Gas |
Electron Configuration | [Ne] 3s2 3p6 |
Oxidation States | 0 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 188 pm |
Ionization Energy | 1520.6 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 0 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 83.80 K |
Boiling Point | 87.30 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 0.0017837 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1894 |
Potassium is a highly reactive alkali metal essential for the function of all living cells. It is used in fertilizers, soaps, and as a salt substitute.
Atomic Number | 19 |
Atomic Mass | 39.10 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Ar] 4s1 |
Oxidation States | +1 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 227 pm |
Ionization Energy | 418.8 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 48.383 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 336.53 K |
Boiling Point | 1032 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 0.862 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1807 |
Calcium is a soft gray alkaline earth metal essential for living organisms, particularly in cell physiology. It is a major component of bones and teeth.
Atomic Number | 20 |
Atomic Mass | 40.08 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Ar] 4s2 |
Oxidation States | +2 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 197 pm |
Ionization Energy | 589.8 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 2.37 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 1115 K |
Boiling Point | 1757 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 1.54 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | Ancient |
Scandium is a rare earth metal used in aerospace components and sports equipment due to its light weight and strength. It is also used as a tracer in oil refining.
Atomic Number | 21 |
Atomic Mass | 44.96 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Ar] 3d1 4s2 |
Oxidation States | +3 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 162 pm |
Ionization Energy | 633.1 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 18 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 1814 K |
Boiling Point | 3109 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 2.985 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1879 |
Titanium is a strong, low-density metal resistant to corrosion. It is widely used in aerospace, medical implants, and as a pigment in paints.
Atomic Number | 22 |
Atomic Mass | 47.87 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Ar] 3d2 4s2 |
Oxidation States | +4 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 147 pm |
Ionization Energy | 658.8 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 7.6 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 1941 K |
Boiling Point | 3560 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 4.54 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1791 |
Vanadium is a hard, silvery-grey metal used to produce strong, corrosion-resistant steel alloys. It is also used in catalysts and in the manufacture of batteries.
Atomic Number | 23 |
Atomic Mass | 50.94 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Ar] 3d3 4s2 |
Oxidation States | +5 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 134 pm |
Ionization Energy | 650.9 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 50.911 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 2183 K |
Boiling Point | 3680 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 6.11 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1801 |
Chromium is a lustrous, brittle metal known for its high corrosion resistance and hardness. It is used in stainless steel, chrome plating, and as a pigment.
Atomic Number | 24 |
Atomic Mass | 51.99 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Ar] 3d5 4s1 |
Oxidation States | +3 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 128 pm |
Ionization Energy | 652.9 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 65.21 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 2180 K |
Boiling Point | 2944 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 7.19 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1797 |
Manganese is a hard, brittle metal used in steel production to improve hardness, stiffness, and strength. It is also used in batteries and as a pigment.
Atomic Number | 25 |
Atomic Mass | 54.94 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Ar] 3d5 4s2 |
Oxidation States | +2, +7 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 127 pm |
Ionization Energy | 717.3 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 0 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 1519 K |
Boiling Point | 2334 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 7.3 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1774 |
Iron is a metal that has been used for thousands of years. It is the main component of steel and is essential for the transport of oxygen in the blood.
Atomic Number | 26 |
Atomic Mass | 55.84 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Ar] 3d6 4s2 |
Oxidation States | +2, +3 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 126 pm |
Ionization Energy | 762.5 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 15.7 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 1811 K |
Boiling Point | 3134 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 7.87 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | Ancient |
Cobalt is a hard, lustrous metal used in alloys for its strength and resistance to oxidation. It is also used in batteries and as a pigment in glass and ceramics.
Atomic Number | 27 |
Atomic Mass | 58.93 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Ar] 3d7 4s2 |
Oxidation States | +2, +3 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 125 pm |
Ionization Energy | 760.4 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 63.898 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 1768 K |
Boiling Point | 3200 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 8.86 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1735 |
Nickel is a silvery-white metal used in stainless steel, coins, and rechargeable batteries. It is known for its corrosion resistance and ability to form alloys.
Atomic Number | 28 |
Atomic Mass | 58.69 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Ar] 3d8 4s2 |
Oxidation States | +2 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 124 pm |
Ionization Energy | 737.1 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 111.65 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 1728 K |
Boiling Point | 3186 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 8.90 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1751 |
Copper is a reddish-brown metal known for its high electrical and thermal conductivity. It is widely used in electrical wiring, plumbing, and coinage.
Atomic Number | 29 |
Atomic Mass | 63.55 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Ar] 3d10 4s1 |
Oxidation States | +1, +2 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 128 pm |
Ionization Energy | 745.5 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 119.235 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 1357.77 K |
Boiling Point | 2835 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 8.96 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | Ancient |
Zinc is a bluish-white metal used in galvanizing steel to prevent rust, in making brass, and as an essential mineral in human health.
Atomic Number | 30 |
Atomic Mass | 65.40 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Ar] 3d10 4s2 |
Oxidation States | +2 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 134 pm |
Ionization Energy | 906.4 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 0 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 692.68 K |
Boiling Point | 1180 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 7.14 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1746 |
Gallium is a soft, silvery metal that melts in your hand. It is used in electronics, particularly in semiconductors and LED technology.
Atomic Number | 31 |
Atomic Mass | 69.72 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1 |
Oxidation States | +3 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 135 pm |
Ionization Energy | 578.8 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 28.9 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 302.91 K |
Boiling Point | 2477 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 5.91 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1875 |
Germanium is a hard, grayish-white metalloid used in semiconductors, fiber optics, and infrared optics. It has properties similar to silicon.
Atomic Number | 32 |
Atomic Mass | 72.63 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2 |
Oxidation States | +4 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 125 pm |
Ionization Energy | 762 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 119 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 1211.4 K |
Boiling Point | 3106 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 5.323 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1886 |
Arsenic is a metalloid known for its toxicity but also used in pesticides, semiconductors, and as an alloying agent in lead and copper.
Atomic Number | 33 |
Atomic Mass | 74.92 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p3 |
Oxidation States | -3, +5 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 114 pm |
Ionization Energy | 947 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 78 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 1090 K |
Boiling Point | 887 K (sublimes) |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 5.727 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | Ancient |
Selenium is a nonmetal with photoconductive properties, used in photocopiers, solar cells, and as an essential nutrient in small amounts.
Atomic Number | 34 |
Atomic Mass | 78.97 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p4 |
Oxidation States | -2, +6 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 103 pm |
Ionization Energy | 941 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 195 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 494 K |
Boiling Point | 958 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 4.81 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1817 |
Bromine is a reddish-brown liquid at room temperature, used in flame retardants, photography chemicals, and in the production of certain medications.
Atomic Number | 35 |
Atomic Mass | 79.90 u |
Standard State | Liquid |
Electron Configuration | [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p5 |
Oxidation States | -1 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 94 pm |
Ionization Energy | 1140 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 325 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 265.8 K |
Boiling Point | 332.0 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 3.1028 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1826 |
Krypton is a colorless, odorless noble gas used in lighting and photography. It is known for its high light output and low energy consumption.
Atomic Number | 36 |
Atomic Mass | 83.80 u |
Standard State | Gas |
Electron Configuration | [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p6 |
Oxidation States | 0 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 88 pm |
Ionization Energy | 1350 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 0 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 115.79 K |
Boiling Point | 119.93 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 0.003733 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1898 |
Rubidium is a soft, silvery-white metal used in research and in specialty glasses. It has applications in atomic clocks and as a component in fireworks.
Atomic Number | 37 |
Atomic Mass | 85.47 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Kr] 5s1 |
Oxidation States | +1 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 303 pm |
Ionization Energy | 403 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 46.884 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 312.46 K |
Boiling Point | 961 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 1.532 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1861 |
Strontium is a soft, silver-yellow alkaline earth metal used in fireworks and flares for its bright red flame. It is also used in producing ferrite magnets and in refining zinc.
Atomic Number | 38 |
Atomic Mass | 87.62 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Kr] 5s2 |
Oxidation States | +2 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 255 pm |
Ionization Energy | 550 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 5.023 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 1050 K |
Boiling Point | 1655 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 2.64 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1790 |
Yttrium is a silvery-metallic element used in LEDs, phosphors in color TV tubes, and in the production of superconductors and medical lasers.
Atomic Number | 39 |
Atomic Mass | 88.91 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Kr] 4d1 5s2 |
Oxidation States | +3 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 180 pm |
Ionization Energy | 600 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 29.6 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 1799 K |
Boiling Point | 3203 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 4.472 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1794 |
Zirconium is a lustrous, gray-white metal used in nuclear reactors due to its low neutron-capture cross-section. It is also used in ceramics and jewelry.
Atomic Number | 40 |
Atomic Mass | 91.22 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Kr] 4d2 5s2 |
Oxidation States | +4 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 155 pm |
Ionization Energy | 640 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 41.1 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 2128 K |
Boiling Point | 4650 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 6.52 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1789 |
Niobium is a shiny, white, soft metal used in alloys to improve strength, especially in pipelines and jet engines. It is also used in superconducting materials.
Atomic Number | 41 |
Atomic Mass | 92.91 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Kr] 4d4 5s1 |
Oxidation States | +5 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 145 pm |
Ionization Energy | 652.1 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 86.1 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 2750 K |
Boiling Point | 5017 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 8.57 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1801 |
Molybdenum is a hard, silvery metal used in steel alloys to improve strength and resistance to corrosion. It is also essential in biological processes.
Atomic Number | 42 |
Atomic Mass | 95.95 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Kr] 4d5 5s1 |
Oxidation States | +6 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 145 pm |
Ionization Energy | 684.3 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 71.9 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 2896 K |
Boiling Point | 4912 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 10.22 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1778 |
Technetium is a radioactive metal used in medical diagnostic imaging and as a tracer in various scientific applications. It is the lightest element with no stable isotopes.
Atomic Number | 43 |
Atomic Mass | 96.91 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Kr] 4d5 5s2 |
Oxidation States | +7 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 136 pm |
Ionization Energy | 702 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 53 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 2430 K |
Boiling Point | 4538 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 11 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1937 |
Ruthenium is a rare transition metal used in electronics, particularly in chip resistors and electrical contacts. It is also used in some platinum alloys.
Atomic Number | 44 |
Atomic Mass | 101.10 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Kr] 4d7 5s1 |
Oxidation States | +3 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 134 pm |
Ionization Energy | 710.2 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 100.96 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 2607 K |
Boiling Point | 4423 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 12.37 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1844 |
Rhodium is a rare, silvery-white metal used in catalytic converters, jewelry, and mirrors for its high reflectance and corrosion resistance.
Atomic Number | 45 |
Atomic Mass | 102.91 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Kr] 4d8 5s1 |
Oxidation States | +3 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 134 pm |
Ionization Energy | 719.7 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 110.27 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 2237 K |
Boiling Point | 3968 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 12.41 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1803 |
Palladium is a rare, precious metal used in catalytic converters, electronics, and jewelry. It is known for its ability to absorb hydrogen.
Atomic Number | 46 |
Atomic Mass | 106.42 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Kr] 4d10 |
Oxidation States | +2, +4 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 137 pm |
Ionization Energy | 804.4 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 54.24 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 1828.05 K |
Boiling Point | 3236 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 12.02 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1803 |
Silver is a soft, white, lustrous metal with the highest electrical conductivity of any element. It is used in jewelry, electronics, and as a currency.
Atomic Number | 47 |
Atomic Mass | 107.87 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Kr] 4d10 5s1 |
Oxidation States | +1 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 144 pm |
Ionization Energy | 731 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 125.862 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 1234.93 K |
Boiling Point | 2435 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 10.49 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | Ancient |
Cadmium is a soft, bluish-white metal used in batteries, pigments, and coatings. It is toxic and requires careful handling.
Atomic Number | 48 |
Atomic Mass | 112.41 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Kr] 4d10 5s2 |
Oxidation States | +2 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 151 pm |
Ionization Energy | 867.8 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 0 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 594.22 K |
Boiling Point | 1040 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 8.65 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1817 |
Indium is a soft, malleable metal used in touchscreens, semiconductors, and in soldering. It has a low melting point and is used in low-temperature alloys.
Atomic Number | 49 |
Atomic Mass | 114.82 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p1 |
Oxidation States | +3 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 167 pm |
Ionization Energy | 558.3 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 37.043 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 429.75 K |
Boiling Point | 2345 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 7.31 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1863 |
Tin is a soft, malleable metal used in alloys such as bronze and solder. It has a low melting point and is resistant to corrosion.
Atomic Number | 50 |
Atomic Mass | 118.71 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2 |
Oxidation States | +4 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 140 pm |
Ionization Energy | 708.6 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 107.298 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 505.08 K |
Boiling Point | 2875 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 7.265 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | Ancient |
Antimony is a brittle, lustrous metalloid used in flame retardants, batteries, and alloys to improve hardness. It is also used in some semiconductor devices.
Atomic Number | 51 |
Atomic Mass | 121.76 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p3 |
Oxidation States | -3, +5 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 140 pm |
Ionization Energy | 834 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 101.1 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 903.78 K |
Boiling Point | 1860 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 6.697 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | Ancient |
Tellurium is a brittle, silvery-white metalloid used in alloys to improve machinability and in solar panels. It is also a component of thermoelectric devices.
Atomic Number | 52 |
Atomic Mass | 127.60 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p4 |
Oxidation States | -2, +6 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 135 pm |
Ionization Energy | 869.3 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 190.161 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 722.66 K |
Boiling Point | 1261 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 6.24 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1782 |
Iodine is a dark, lustrous solid used as a disinfectant and in thyroid health. It is also used in photography and in the production of acetic acid.
Atomic Number | 53 |
Atomic Mass | 126.90 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p5 |
Oxidation States | -1 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 133 pm |
Ionization Energy | 1008.4 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 295.153 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 386.85 K |
Boiling Point | 457.4 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 4.933 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1811 |
Xenon is a colorless, odorless noble gas used in high-intensity lamps, medical imaging, and as a general anesthetic. It is known for its high density and inertness.
Atomic Number | 54 |
Atomic Mass | 131.29 u |
Standard State | Gas |
Electron Configuration | [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p6 |
Oxidation States | 0 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 130 pm |
Ionization Energy | 1170.4 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 0 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 161.4 K |
Boiling Point | 165.03 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 0.005887 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1898 |
Cesium is a soft, gold-colored alkali metal that is highly reactive. It is used in atomic clocks, photoelectric cells, and as a getter in vacuum tubes.
Atomic Number | 55 |
Atomic Mass | 132.91 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Xe] 6s1 |
Oxidation States | +1 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 343 pm |
Ionization Energy | 375.7 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 45.505 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 301.59 K |
Boiling Point | 944 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 1.93 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1860 |
Barium is a soft, silvery alkaline earth metal used in drilling fluids for oil and gas wells, and in the production of paints, glass, and rubber.
Atomic Number | 56 |
Atomic Mass | 137.33 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Xe] 6s2 |
Oxidation States | +2 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 268 pm |
Ionization Energy | 502.9 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 13.95 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 1000 K |
Boiling Point | 2170 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 3.62 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1808 |
Lanthanum is a soft, malleable, silvery-white metal used in camera lenses, studio lighting, and as a catalyst in petroleum refining.
Atomic Number | 57 |
Atomic Mass | 138.91 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Xe] 5d1 6s2 |
Oxidation States | +3 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 240 pm |
Ionization Energy | 538.1 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 53 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 1193 K |
Boiling Point | 3737 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 6.15 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1839 |
Cerium is a soft, silvery metal used in catalytic converters, glass polishing, and in making flints for lighters. It is the most abundant of the rare earth elements.
Atomic Number | 58 |
Atomic Mass | 140.12 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2 |
Oxidation States | +3, +4 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 235 pm |
Ionization Energy | 534.4 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 50 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 1068 K |
Boiling Point | 3716 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 6.77 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1803 |
Praseodymium is a soft, silvery metal used in aircraft engines, studio lighting, and as a core material for carbon arc lights used in the motion picture industry.
Atomic Number | 59 |
Atomic Mass | 140.91 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Xe] 4f3 6s2 |
Oxidation States | +3 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 239 pm |
Ionization Energy | 527 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 50 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 1208 K |
Boiling Point | 3793 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 6.77 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1885 |
Neodymium is a bright, silvery metal used in powerful permanent magnets, which are critical components in modern electronics and renewable energy technologies.
Atomic Number | 60 |
Atomic Mass | 144.24 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Xe] 4f4 6s2 |
Oxidation States | +3 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 229 pm |
Ionization Energy | 533.1 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 50 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 1297 K |
Boiling Point | 3347 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 7.01 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1885 |
Promethium is a rare, radioactive metal used in research, in luminous paint, and as a beta radiation source in thickness gauges.
Atomic Number | 61 |
Atomic Mass | 144.91 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Xe] 4f5 6s2 |
Oxidation States | +3 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 236 pm |
Ionization Energy | 540 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 50 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 1315 K |
Boiling Point | 3273 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 7.26 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1947 |
Samarium is a silvery-white metal used in magnets, particularly samarium-cobalt magnets, which are known for their high strength and resistance to demagnetization.
Atomic Number | 62 |
Atomic Mass | 150.40 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Xe] 4f6 6s2 |
Oxidation States | +2, +3 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 238 pm |
Ionization Energy | 545 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 50 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 1345 K |
Boiling Point | 2067 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 7.52 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1879 |
Europium is a soft, silvery metal used in phosphorescent and fluorescent applications, such as in television screens, and in anti-counterfeiting phosphors in Euro banknotes.
Atomic Number | 63 |
Atomic Mass | 151.96 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Xe] 4f7 6s2 |
Oxidation States | +2, +3 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 231 pm |
Ionization Energy | 547.1 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 50 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 1099 K |
Boiling Point | 1802 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 5.264 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1896 |
Gadolinium is a silvery-white metal used in MRI contrast agents, in neutron capture therapy for cancer treatment, and in making phosphors for color television tubes.
Atomic Number | 64 |
Atomic Mass | 157.20 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2 |
Oxidation States | +3 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 233 pm |
Ionization Energy | 593.4 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 50 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 1585 K |
Boiling Point | 3546 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 7.9 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1880 |
Terbium is a silvery-white metal used in solid-state devices, as a dopant in calcium fluoride, and in green phosphors for color television tubes.
Atomic Number | 65 |
Atomic Mass | 158.93 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Xe] 4f9 6s2 |
Oxidation States | +3 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 225 pm |
Ionization Energy | 565.8 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 50 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 1629 K |
Boiling Point | 3503 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 8.23 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1843 |
Dysprosium is a soft, silvery metal used in magnets, lasers, and in neutron-absorbing control rods in nuclear reactors.
Atomic Number | 66 |
Atomic Mass | 162.50 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Xe] 4f10 6s2 |
Oxidation States | +3 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 228 pm |
Ionization Energy | 573 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 50 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 1680 K |
Boiling Point | 2840 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 8.55 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1886 |
Holmium is a soft, silvery metal used in magnets, in solid-state lasers, and as a neutron absorber in nuclear reactors.
Atomic Number | 67 |
Atomic Mass | 164.93 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Xe] 4f11 6s2 |
Oxidation States | +3 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 226 pm |
Ionization Energy | 581 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 50 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 1734 K |
Boiling Point | 2993 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 8.79 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1878 |
Erbium is a soft, silvery metal used in fiber-optic communications, in laser applications, and as a nuclear reactor control material.
Atomic Number | 68 |
Atomic Mass | 167.26 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Xe] 4f12 6s2 |
Oxidation States | +3 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 226 pm |
Ionization Energy | 589.3 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 50 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 1802 K |
Boiling Point | 3141 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 9.066 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1842 |
Thulium is a soft, silvery metal used in portable X-ray machines, in lasers, and as a radiation source in nuclear reactors.
Atomic Number | 69 |
Atomic Mass | 168.93 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Xe] 4f13 6s2 |
Oxidation States | +3 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 222 pm |
Ionization Energy | 596.7 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 50 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 1818 K |
Boiling Point | 2223 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 9.32 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1879 |
Ytterbium is a soft, silvery metal used in improving the grain refinement, strength, and other mechanical properties of stainless steel. It is also used in lasers.
Atomic Number | 70 |
Atomic Mass | 173.05 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Xe] 4f14 6s2 |
Oxidation States | +2, +3 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 222 pm |
Ionization Energy | 603.4 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 50 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 1097 K |
Boiling Point | 1469 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 6.57 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1878 |
Lutetium is a silvery-white metal used in PET scan detectors, in catalysts for cracking hydrocarbons in oil refineries, and in various metallurgical applications.
Atomic Number | 71 |
Atomic Mass | 174.97 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Xe] 4f14 5d1 6s2 |
Oxidation States | +3 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 217 pm |
Ionization Energy | 523.5 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 50 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 1925 K |
Boiling Point | 3675 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 9.84 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1907 |
Hafnium is a lustrous, silver-gray metal used in nuclear reactors due to its ability to absorb neutrons, and in high-temperature alloys and ceramics.
Atomic Number | 72 |
Atomic Mass | 178.49 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2 |
Oxidation States | +4 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 208 pm |
Ionization Energy | 658.5 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 0 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 2506 K |
Boiling Point | 4876 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 13.31 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1923 |
Tantalum is a hard, blue-gray metal used in electronics, particularly in capacitors and high-power resistors, and in surgical implants and bone repair materials.
Atomic Number | 73 |
Atomic Mass | 180.95 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Xe] 4f14 5d3 6s2 |
Oxidation States | +5 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 200 pm |
Ionization Energy | 761 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 31 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 3290 K |
Boiling Point | 5731 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 16.69 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1802 |
Tungsten is a hard, dense metal used in light bulb filaments, cutting tools, and in military applications due to its high melting point and density.
Atomic Number | 74 |
Atomic Mass | 183.84 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Xe] 4f14 5d4 6s2 |
Oxidation States | +6 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 193 pm |
Ionization Energy | 770 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 78.76 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 3695 K |
Boiling Point | 5828 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 19.25 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1783 |
Rhenium is a rare, silvery-white metal used in high-temperature turbine engines, rocket engines, and as a catalyst in refining lead-free, high-octane gasoline.
Atomic Number | 75 |
Atomic Mass | 186.21 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Xe] 4f14 5d5 6s2 |
Oxidation States | +7 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 188 pm |
Ionization Energy | 760 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 5.8273 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 3459 K |
Boiling Point | 5869 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 21.02 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1925 |
Osmium is a dense, bluish-white metal used in fountain pen nibs, electrical contacts, and as a catalyst in chemical reactions.
Atomic Number | 76 |
Atomic Mass | 190.20 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Xe] 4f14 5d6 6s2 |
Oxidation States | +4 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 185 pm |
Ionization Energy | 840 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 103.99 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 3306 K |
Boiling Point | 5285 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 22.59 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1803 |
Iridium is a hard, brittle, silvery-white metal used in high-temperature crucibles, spark plugs, and as a hardening agent for platinum alloys.
Atomic Number | 77 |
Atomic Mass | 192.22 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Xe] 4f14 5d7 6s2 |
Oxidation States | +4 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 180 pm |
Ionization Energy | 880 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 150.94 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 2719 K |
Boiling Point | 4701 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 22.56 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1803 |
Platinum is a dense, malleable, silvery-white metal used in catalytic converters, jewelry, and in various industrial applications due to its resistance to corrosion.
Atomic Number | 78 |
Atomic Mass | 195.08 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Xe] 4f14 5d9 6s1 |
Oxidation States | +2, +4 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 177 pm |
Ionization Energy | 870 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 205.041 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 2041.4 K |
Boiling Point | 4098 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 21.46 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | Ancient |
Gold is a soft, yellow metal known for its malleability and resistance to corrosion. It is widely used in jewelry, electronics, and as a standard for monetary systems.
Atomic Number | 79 |
Atomic Mass | 196.97 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1 |
Oxidation States | +1, +3 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 174 pm |
Ionization Energy | 890.1 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 222.747 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 1337.33 K |
Boiling Point | 3129 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 19.32 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | Ancient |
Mercury is a heavy, silvery liquid metal used in thermometers, barometers, and other scientific instruments, as well as in dental amalgams and fluorescent lighting.
Atomic Number | 80 |
Atomic Mass | 200.59 u |
Standard State | Liquid |
Electron Configuration | [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 |
Oxidation States | +1, +2 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 171 pm |
Ionization Energy | 1007.1 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 0 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 234.43 K |
Boiling Point | 629.88 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 13.534 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | Ancient |
Thallium is a soft, gray metal used in electronic devices, in glass manufacturing, and historically in rat poisons and insecticides.
Atomic Number | 81 |
Atomic Mass | 204.38 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1 |
Oxidation States | +1, +3 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 156 pm |
Ionization Energy | 589.4 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 36.4 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 577 K |
Boiling Point | 1746 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 11.85 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1861 |
Lead is a dense, soft, malleable metal used in batteries, radiation shielding, and historically in paints and pipes. It is toxic and requires careful handling.
Atomic Number | 82 |
Atomic Mass | 207.00 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2 |
Oxidation States | +2, +4 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 154 pm |
Ionization Energy | 715.6 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 35.1 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 600.61 K |
Boiling Point | 2022 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 11.34 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | Ancient |
Bismuth is a brittle, white metal with a pinkish tinge, used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and as a replacement for lead in various applications due to its non-toxicity.
Atomic Number | 83 |
Atomic Mass | 208.98 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3 |
Oxidation States | +3, +5 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 143 pm |
Ionization Energy | 703 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 90.924 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 544.7 K |
Boiling Point | 1837 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 9.78 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | Ancient |
Polonium is a rare, radioactive metal used in anti-static devices and as a heat source in space satellites.
Atomic Number | 84 |
Atomic Mass | 208.98 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4 |
Oxidation States | +2, +4 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 135 pm |
Ionization Energy | 812.1 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 183.3 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 527 K |
Boiling Point | 1235 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 9.20 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1898 |
Astatine is a rare, highly radioactive element used in research and potentially in cancer treatment due to its ability to target and destroy cancer cells.
Atomic Number | 85 |
Atomic Mass | 209.99 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p5 |
Oxidation States | -1, +1, +3, +5 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 127 pm |
Ionization Energy | 899.003 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 233 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 575 K |
Boiling Point | 610 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 7 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1940 |
Radon is a colorless, odorless radioactive gas resulting from the decay of uranium, used in cancer treatment and as a tracer in geological research.
Atomic Number | 86 |
Atomic Mass | 222.02 u |
Standard State | Gas |
Electron Configuration | [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p6 |
Oxidation States | 0 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 120 pm |
Ionization Energy | 1037 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 0 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 202 K |
Boiling Point | 211.45 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 9.73 g/L |
Year Discovered | 1900 |
Francium is a highly radioactive metal and the second rarest naturally occurring element. It has few practical applications due to its high instability and rarity.
Atomic Number | 87 |
Atomic Mass | 223.02 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Rn] 7s1 |
Oxidation States | +1 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 348 pm |
Ionization Energy | 380 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 46.89 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 300 K |
Boiling Point | 950 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 1.87 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1939 |
Radium is a highly radioactive metal used historically in luminous paints and for cancer treatment. Its use has declined due to its high radioactivity and health risks.
Atomic Number | 88 |
Atomic Mass | 226.03 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Rn] 7s2 |
Oxidation States | +2 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 283 pm |
Ionization Energy | 509.3 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 9.6485 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 973 K |
Boiling Point | 2010 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 5.5 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1898 |
Actinium is a soft, silvery-white radioactive metal used in neutron emitters and as a source of alpha particles. It is also used in research on radiation therapy.
Atomic Number | 89 |
Atomic Mass | 227.03 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Rn] 6d1 7s2 |
Oxidation States | +3 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 260 pm |
Ionization Energy | 499 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 33.77 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 1323 K |
Boiling Point | 3471 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 10.07 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1899 |
Thorium is a weakly radioactive metal used in high-temperature ceramics, gas mantles, and as a potential nuclear fuel in thorium reactors.
Atomic Number | 90 |
Atomic Mass | 232.04 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Rn] 6d2 7s2 |
Oxidation States | +4 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 237 pm |
Ionization Energy | 587 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 112.72 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 2023 K |
Boiling Point | 5061 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 11.72 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1828 |
Protactinium is a dense, silvery-gray radioactive metal used in research. It has no significant industrial applications due to its scarcity and radioactivity.
Atomic Number | 91 |
Atomic Mass | 231.04 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Rn] 5f2 6d1 7s2 |
Oxidation States | +5 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 243 pm |
Ionization Energy | 568 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 53.03 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 1845 K |
Boiling Point | 4300 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 15.37 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1913 |
Uranium is a heavy, radioactive metal used primarily as a fuel in nuclear power plants and in the production of nuclear weapons.
Atomic Number | 92 |
Atomic Mass | 238.03 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Rn] 5f3 6d1 7s2 |
Oxidation States | +3, +4, +5, +6 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 240 pm |
Ionization Energy | 597.6 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 50.94 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 1405.3 K |
Boiling Point | 4404 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 19.1 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1789 |
Neptunium is a radioactive metal used in neutron detectors and as a precursor for plutonium production. It has potential applications in radioisotope thermoelectric generators.
Atomic Number | 93 |
Atomic Mass | 237.05 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Rn] 5f4 6d1 7s2 |
Oxidation States | +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 221 pm |
Ionization Energy | 604.5 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 50.56 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 917 K |
Boiling Point | 4273 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 20.45 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1940 |
Plutonium is a heavy, radioactive metal used as a fuel in nuclear reactors and in the production of nuclear weapons. It is also used in radioisotope thermoelectric generators.
Atomic Number | 94 |
Atomic Mass | 244.06 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Rn] 5f6 7s2 |
Oxidation States | +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 243 pm |
Ionization Energy | 584.7 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 48.33 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 913 K |
Boiling Point | 3501 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 19.84 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1940 |
Americium is a synthetic radioactive metal used in smoke detectors, industrial gauges, and as a source of gamma rays in radiography.
Atomic Number | 95 |
Atomic Mass | 243.06 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Rn] 5f7 7s2 |
Oxidation States | +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 244 pm |
Ionization Energy | 578 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 9.93 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 1449 K |
Boiling Point | 2284 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 12 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1944 |
Curium is a radioactive metal used in alpha particle X-ray spectrometers, and as a power source in space missions. It is highly toxic due to its radioactivity.
Atomic Number | 96 |
Atomic Mass | 247.07 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Rn] 5f7 6d1 7s2 |
Oxidation States | +3, +4 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 245 pm |
Ionization Energy | 581 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | 27.17 kJ/mol |
Melting Point | 1613 K |
Boiling Point | 3383 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 13.51 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1944 |
Berkelium is a synthetic radioactive metal used in scientific research. It has no significant commercial applications due to its high radioactivity and scarcity.
Atomic Number | 97 |
Atomic Mass | 247.07 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Rn] 5f9 7s2 |
Oxidation States | +3, +4 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 244 pm |
Ionization Energy | 601 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | N/A |
Melting Point | 1259 K |
Boiling Point | 2900 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 14.78 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1949 |
Californium is a highly radioactive metal used in neutron sources for neutron activation analysis, in medical treatments, and in oil well logging.
Atomic Number | 98 |
Atomic Mass | 251.08 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Rn] 5f10 7s2 |
Oxidation States | +3, +4 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 245 pm |
Ionization Energy | 608 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | N/A |
Melting Point | 1173 K |
Boiling Point | 1743 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 15.1 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1950 |
Einsteinium is a synthetic radioactive metal used in scientific research to produce heavier elements. It has no significant commercial applications.
Atomic Number | 99 |
Atomic Mass | 252.08 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Rn] 5f11 7s2 |
Oxidation States | +3 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 245 pm |
Ionization Energy | 619 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | N/A |
Melting Point | 1133 K |
Boiling Point | 1269 K |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | 8.84 g/cm3 |
Year Discovered | 1952 |
Fermium is a synthetic radioactive metal used in scientific research. It is primarily produced in nuclear reactors and has no significant commercial applications.
Atomic Number | 100 |
Atomic Mass | 257.10 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Rn] 5f12 7s2 |
Oxidation States | +3 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 244 pm |
Ionization Energy | 627 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | N/A |
Melting Point | 1125 K |
Boiling Point | N/A |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | N/A |
Year Discovered | 1952 |
Mendelevium is a synthetic radioactive metal used in scientific research. It has no significant commercial applications due to its high radioactivity and limited availability.
Atomic Number | 101 |
Atomic Mass | 258.10 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Rn] 5f13 7s2 |
Oxidation States | +2, +3 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 245 pm |
Ionization Energy | 635 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | N/A |
Melting Point | 1100 K |
Boiling Point | N/A |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | N/A |
Year Discovered | 1955 |
Nobelium is a synthetic radioactive metal used in scientific research. It is primarily produced in particle accelerators and has no significant commercial applications.
Atomic Number | 102 |
Atomic Mass | 259.10 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Rn] 5f14 7s2 |
Oxidation States | +2, +3 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | 246 pm |
Ionization Energy | 642 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | N/A |
Melting Point | 1100 K |
Boiling Point | N/A |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | N/A |
Year Discovered | 1957 |
Lawrencium is a synthetic radioactive metal used in scientific research. It has no significant commercial applications and is produced in minuscule amounts.
Atomic Number | 103 |
Atomic Mass | 262.12 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Rn] 5f14 7s2 7p1 |
Oxidation States | +3 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | N/A |
Ionization Energy | 470 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | N/A |
Melting Point | 1900 K |
Boiling Point | N/A |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | N/A |
Year Discovered | 1961 |
Rutherfordium is a synthetic radioactive metal used in scientific research. It has no significant commercial applications due to its short half-life and limited availability.
Atomic Number | 104 |
Atomic Mass | 267.12 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2 |
Oxidation States | +4 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | N/A |
Ionization Energy | 580 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | N/A |
Melting Point | N/A |
Boiling Point | N/A |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | N/A |
Year Discovered | 1969 |
Dubnium is a synthetic radioactive metal used in scientific research. It has no significant commercial applications and is produced in very small quantities.
Atomic Number | 105 |
Atomic Mass | 268.13 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Rn] 5f14 6d3 7s2 |
Oxidation States | +5 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | N/A |
Ionization Energy | 664 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | N/A |
Melting Point | N/A |
Boiling Point | N/A |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | N/A |
Year Discovered | 1967 |
Seaborgium is a synthetic radioactive metal used in scientific research. It has no significant commercial applications and is produced in minute amounts.
Atomic Number | 106 |
Atomic Mass | 269.13 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Rn] 5f14 6d4 7s2 |
Oxidation States | +6 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | N/A |
Ionization Energy | 742 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | N/A |
Melting Point | N/A |
Boiling Point | N/A |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | N/A |
Year Discovered | 1974 |
Bohrium is a synthetic radioactive metal used in scientific research. It has no significant commercial applications and is produced in extremely small quantities.
Atomic Number | 107 |
Atomic Mass | 270.13 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Rn] 5f14 6d5 7s2 |
Oxidation States | +7 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | N/A |
Ionization Energy | 742 kJ/mol |
Electron Affinity | N/A |
Melting Point | N/A |
Boiling Point | N/A |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | N/A |
Year Discovered | 1981 |
Hassium is a synthetic radioactive metal used in scientific research. It has no significant commercial applications and is produced in very limited amounts.
Atomic Number | 108 |
Atomic Mass | 269.13 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Rn] 5f14 6d6 7s2 |
Oxidation States | +8 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | N/A |
Ionization Energy | N/A |
Electron Affinity | N/A |
Melting Point | N/A |
Boiling Point | N/A |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | N/A |
Year Discovered | 1984 |
Meitnerium is a synthetic radioactive metal used in scientific research. It has no significant commercial applications and is produced in extremely small quantities.
Atomic Number | 109 |
Atomic Mass | 277.15 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Rn] 5f14 6d7 7s2 |
Oxidation States | +9 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | N/A |
Ionization Energy | N/A |
Electron Affinity | N/A |
Melting Point | N/A |
Boiling Point | N/A |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | N/A |
Year Discovered | 1982 |
Darmstadtium is a synthetic radioactive metal used in scientific research. It has no significant commercial applications and is produced in minute amounts.
Atomic Number | 110 |
Atomic Mass | 282.17 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Rn] 5f14 6d9 7s1 |
Oxidation States | +10 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | N/A |
Ionization Energy | N/A |
Electron Affinity | N/A |
Melting Point | N/A |
Boiling Point | N/A |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | N/A |
Year Discovered | 1994 |
Roentgenium is a synthetic radioactive metal used in scientific research. It has no significant commercial applications and is produced in very small quantities.
Atomic Number | 111 |
Atomic Mass | 282.17 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s1 |
Oxidation States | +11 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | N/A |
Ionization Energy | N/A |
Electron Affinity | N/A |
Melting Point | N/A |
Boiling Point | N/A |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | N/A |
Year Discovered | 1994 |
Copernicium is a synthetic radioactive metal used in scientific research. It has no significant commercial applications and is produced in extremely small quantities.
Atomic Number | 112 |
Atomic Mass | 286.18 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 |
Oxidation States | +2, +4 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | N/A |
Ionization Energy | N/A |
Electron Affinity | N/A |
Melting Point | N/A |
Boiling Point | N/A |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | N/A |
Year Discovered | 1996 |
Nihonium is a synthetic radioactive metal used in scientific research. It has no significant commercial applications and is produced in minute amounts.
Atomic Number | 113 |
Atomic Mass | 286.18 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p1 |
Oxidation States | +1, +3 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | N/A |
Ionization Energy | N/A |
Electron Affinity | N/A |
Melting Point | N/A |
Boiling Point | N/A |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | N/A |
Year Discovered | 2003 |
Flerovium is a synthetic radioactive metal used in scientific research. It has no significant commercial applications and is produced in extremely small quantities.
Atomic Number | 114 |
Atomic Mass | 290.19 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p2 |
Oxidation States | +2, +4 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | N/A |
Ionization Energy | N/A |
Electron Affinity | N/A |
Melting Point | N/A |
Boiling Point | N/A |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | N/A |
Year Discovered | 1999 |
Moscovium is a synthetic radioactive metal used in scientific research. It has no significant commercial applications and is produced in very small quantities.
Atomic Number | 115 |
Atomic Mass | 290.20 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p3 |
Oxidation States | +1, +3 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | N/A |
Ionization Energy | N/A |
Electron Affinity | N/A |
Melting Point | N/A |
Boiling Point | N/A |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | N/A |
Year Discovered | 2003 |
Livermorium is a synthetic radioactive metal used in scientific research. It has no significant commercial applications and is produced in minute amounts.
Atomic Number | 116 |
Atomic Mass | 293.21 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p4 |
Oxidation States | +2, +4 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | N/A |
Ionization Energy | N/A |
Electron Affinity | N/A |
Melting Point | N/A |
Boiling Point | N/A |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | N/A |
Year Discovered | 2000 |
Tennessine is a synthetic radioactive element used in scientific research. It has no significant commercial applications and is produced in extremely small quantities.
Atomic Number | 117 |
Atomic Mass | 294.21 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p5 |
Oxidation States | +1, +3 |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | N/A |
Ionization Energy | N/A |
Electron Affinity | N/A |
Melting Point | N/A |
Boiling Point | N/A |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | N/A |
Year Discovered | 2010 |
Oganesson is a synthetic radioactive element used in scientific research. It has no significant commercial applications and is produced in very limited amounts.
Atomic Number | 118 |
Atomic Mass | 295.22 u |
Standard State | Solid |
Electron Configuration | [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p6 |
Oxidation States | N/A |
Atomic Radius (van der Waals) | N/A |
Ionization Energy | N/A |
Electron Affinity | N/A |
Melting Point | N/A |
Boiling Point | N/A |
Density (standard temp and pressure) | N/A |
Year Discovered | 2002 |