Visionlearning • Periodic Table • Search and List

1

H

Nonmetal

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Hydrogen is the universe's simplest and most abundant element. With just one proton in its nucleus and a single electron orbiting this core, hydrogen stands as the foundational block of all chemical elements.

Atomic Number1
Atomic Mass1.01 u
Standard StateGas
Electron Configuration1s1
Oxidation States-1, +1
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)120 pm
Ionization Energy1312.0 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity72.769 kJ/mol
Melting Point14.01 K
Boiling Point20.28 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)0.00008988 g/cm3
Year Discovered1766

2

He

Noble gas

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Helium is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is the second lightest and second most abundant element in the observable universe. It's often used in balloons and as a coolant in scientific applications due to its low boiling point.

Atomic Number2
Atomic Mass4.00 u
Standard StateGas
Electron Configuration1s2
Oxidation States0
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)140 pm
Ionization Energy2372.3 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity0 kJ/mol
Melting PointNone
Boiling Point4.22 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)0.0001786 g/cm3
Year Discovered1868

3

Li

Alkali metal

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Lithium is a soft, silvery-white metal that is the lightest metal and the least dense solid element. It's widely used in rechargeable batteries for mobile phones, laptops, and electric vehicles.

Atomic Number3
Atomic Mass7.00 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[He] 2s1
Oxidation States+1
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)182 pm
Ionization Energy520.2 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity59.6326 kJ/mol
Melting Point453.65 K
Boiling Point1615 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)0.534 g/cm3
Year Discovered1817

4

Be

Alkaline earth metal

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Beryllium is a hard, gray metal known for its stiffness, lightweight, and high melting point. It is used in aerospace materials, nuclear reactors, and various types of alloys.

Atomic Number4
Atomic Mass9.01 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[He] 2s2
Oxidation States+2
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)153 pm
Ionization Energy899.5 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity0 kJ/mol
Melting Point1560 K
Boiling Point2742 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)1.85 g/cm3
Year Discovered1798

5

B

Metalloid

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Boron is a metalloid with properties between metals and nonmetals. It is essential in glassmaking and ceramics, and it plays a crucial role in agriculture as a micronutrient.

Atomic Number5
Atomic Mass10.81 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[He] 2s2 2p1
Oxidation States+3
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)192 pm
Ionization Energy800.6 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity26.989 kJ/mol
Melting Point2349 K
Boiling Point4200 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)2.34 g/cm3
Year Discovered1808

6

C

Nonmetal

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Carbon is a nonmetal with several forms, including graphite and diamond. It is the basis of organic chemistry, the study of carbon-containing compounds, which are essential to life.

Atomic Number6
Atomic Mass12.01 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[He] 2s2 2p2
Oxidation States-4, +4
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)170 pm
Ionization Energy1086.5 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity153.9 kJ/mol
Melting Point3823 K
Boiling PointNone
Density (standard temp and pressure)2.267 g/cm3
Year DiscoveredAncient

7

N

Nonmetal

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Nitrogen is a colorless, odorless gas that makes up about 78% of Earth's atmosphere. It is vital for all living organisms as a major component of amino acids and proteins.

Atomic Number7
Atomic Mass14.01 u
Standard StateGas
Electron Configuration[He] 2s2 2p3
Oxidation States-3, +5
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)155 pm
Ionization Energy1402.3 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity-6.8 kJ/mol
Melting Point63.15 K
Boiling Point77.36 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)0.0012506 g/cm3
Year Discovered1772

8

O

Nonmetal

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Oxygen is a highly reactive nonmetal and oxidizing agent that readily forms oxides with most elements. It is essential for respiration in most living organisms and is the most abundant element in the Earth's crust.

Atomic Number8
Atomic Mass15.99 u
Standard StateGas
Electron Configuration[He] 2s2 2p4
Oxidation States-2
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)152 pm
Ionization Energy1313.9 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity141 kJ/mol
Melting Point54.36 K
Boiling Point90.20 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)0.001429 g/cm3
Year Discovered1774

9

F

Halogen

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Fluorine is a pale yellow, highly reactive gas. It is the most electronegative element and is used in toothpaste to prevent dental cavities and in the manufacture of Teflon for non-stick cookware.

Atomic Number9
Atomic Mass18.99 u
Standard StateGas
Electron Configuration[He] 2s2 2p5
Oxidation States-1
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)147 pm
Ionization Energy1681.0 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity328 kJ/mol
Melting Point53.48 K
Boiling Point85.03 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)0.001696 g/cm3
Year Discovered1886

10

Ne

Noble gas

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Neon is a noble gas known for its distinct reddish-orange glow when used in neon signs. It is inert and does not react with other elements, making it useful in high-voltage indicators and vacuum tubes.

Atomic Number10
Atomic Mass20.18 u
Standard StateGas
Electron Configuration[He] 2s2 2p6
Oxidation States0
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)154 pm
Ionization Energy2080.7 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity0 kJ/mol
Melting Point24.56 K
Boiling Point27.07 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)0.0008999 g/cm3
Year Discovered1898

11

Na

Alkali metal

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Sodium is a highly reactive metal and an essential element for all living organisms. It is used in the production of glass, paper, soap, and in many other industries.

Atomic Number11
Atomic Mass22.99 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Ne] 3s1
Oxidation States+1
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)227 pm
Ionization Energy495.8 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity52.867 kJ/mol
Melting Point370.87 K
Boiling Point1156 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)0.968 g/cm3
Year Discovered1807

12

Mg

Alkaline earth metal

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Magnesium is a shiny gray metal with a low density and high strength-to-weight ratio. It is used in the manufacture of lightweight materials, fireworks, and as an essential element in biological processes.

Atomic Number12
Atomic Mass24.31 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Ne] 3s2
Oxidation States+2
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)173 pm
Ionization Energy737.7 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity0 kJ/mol
Melting Point923 K
Boiling Point1363 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)1.738 g/cm3
Year Discovered1808

13

Al

Post-transition metal

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Aluminum is a lightweight, silvery-white metal used extensively in packaging, construction, and transportation. It is known for its resistance to corrosion and its high conductivity.

Atomic Number13
Atomic Mass26.98 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Ne] 3s2 3p1
Oxidation States+3
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)184 pm
Ionization Energy577.5 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity41.762 kJ/mol
Melting Point933.47 K
Boiling Point2743 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)2.698 g/cm3
Year Discovered1825

14

Si

Metalloid

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Silicon is a hard, brittle crystalline solid and a key component in semiconductors and solar cells. It is the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust.

Atomic Number14
Atomic Mass28.09 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Ne] 3s2 3p2
Oxidation States-4, +4
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)210 pm
Ionization Energy786.5 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity134.068 kJ/mol
Melting Point1687 K
Boiling Point3538 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)2.329 g/cm3
Year Discovered1854

15

P

Nonmetal

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Phosphorus is a highly reactive, nonmetallic element found in several allotropic forms. It is essential for life, being a key component of DNA, RNA, and ATP.

Atomic Number15
Atomic Mass30.97 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Ne] 3s2 3p3
Oxidation States-3, +5
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)180 pm
Ionization Energy1011.8 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity72.037 kJ/mol
Melting Point317.30 K
Boiling Point553.65 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)1.82 g/cm3
Year Discovered1669

16

S

Nonmetal

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Sulfur is a yellow, nonmetallic element known for its distinctive smell when burned. It is used in the production of sulfuric acid, fertilizers, and in vulcanization of rubber.

Atomic Number16
Atomic Mass32.07 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Ne] 3s2 3p4
Oxidation States-2, +6
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)180 pm
Ionization Energy999.6 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity200 kJ/mol
Melting Point388.36 K
Boiling Point717.87 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)2.067 g/cm3
Year DiscoveredAncient

17

Cl

Halogen

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Chlorine is a greenish-yellow gas that is highly reactive and used as a disinfectant. It is essential in the production of PVC and other industrial chemicals.

Atomic Number17
Atomic Mass35.45 u
Standard StateGas
Electron Configuration[Ne] 3s2 3p5
Oxidation States-1
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)175 pm
Ionization Energy1251.2 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity349.0 kJ/mol
Melting Point171.6 K
Boiling Point239.11 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)0.003214 g/cm3
Year Discovered1774

18

Ar

Noble gas

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Argon is an inert noble gas that makes up about 1% of the Earth's atmosphere. It is used in welding, lighting, and as a protective atmosphere for growing silicon crystals.

Atomic Number18
Atomic Mass39.90 u
Standard StateGas
Electron Configuration[Ne] 3s2 3p6
Oxidation States0
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)188 pm
Ionization Energy1520.6 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity0 kJ/mol
Melting Point83.80 K
Boiling Point87.30 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)0.0017837 g/cm3
Year Discovered1894

19

K

Alkali metal

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Potassium is a highly reactive alkali metal essential for the function of all living cells. It is used in fertilizers, soaps, and as a salt substitute.

Atomic Number19
Atomic Mass39.10 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Ar] 4s1
Oxidation States+1
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)227 pm
Ionization Energy418.8 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity48.383 kJ/mol
Melting Point336.53 K
Boiling Point1032 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)0.862 g/cm3
Year Discovered1807

20

Ca

Alkaline earth metal

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Calcium is a soft gray alkaline earth metal essential for living organisms, particularly in cell physiology. It is a major component of bones and teeth.

Atomic Number20
Atomic Mass40.08 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Ar] 4s2
Oxidation States+2
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)197 pm
Ionization Energy589.8 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity2.37 kJ/mol
Melting Point1115 K
Boiling Point1757 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)1.54 g/cm3
Year DiscoveredAncient

21

Sc

Transition metal

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Scandium is a rare earth metal used in aerospace components and sports equipment due to its light weight and strength. It is also used as a tracer in oil refining.

Atomic Number21
Atomic Mass44.96 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Ar] 3d1 4s2
Oxidation States+3
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)162 pm
Ionization Energy633.1 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity18 kJ/mol
Melting Point1814 K
Boiling Point3109 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)2.985 g/cm3
Year Discovered1879

22

Ti

Transition metal

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Titanium is a strong, low-density metal resistant to corrosion. It is widely used in aerospace, medical implants, and as a pigment in paints.

Atomic Number22
Atomic Mass47.87 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Ar] 3d2 4s2
Oxidation States+4
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)147 pm
Ionization Energy658.8 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity7.6 kJ/mol
Melting Point1941 K
Boiling Point3560 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)4.54 g/cm3
Year Discovered1791

23

V

Transition metal

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Vanadium is a hard, silvery-grey metal used to produce strong, corrosion-resistant steel alloys. It is also used in catalysts and in the manufacture of batteries.

Atomic Number23
Atomic Mass50.94 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Ar] 3d3 4s2
Oxidation States+5
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)134 pm
Ionization Energy650.9 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity50.911 kJ/mol
Melting Point2183 K
Boiling Point3680 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)6.11 g/cm3
Year Discovered1801

24

Cr

Transition metal

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Chromium is a lustrous, brittle metal known for its high corrosion resistance and hardness. It is used in stainless steel, chrome plating, and as a pigment.

Atomic Number24
Atomic Mass51.99 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Ar] 3d5 4s1
Oxidation States+3
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)128 pm
Ionization Energy652.9 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity65.21 kJ/mol
Melting Point2180 K
Boiling Point2944 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)7.19 g/cm3
Year Discovered1797

25

Mn

Transition metal

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Manganese is a hard, brittle metal used in steel production to improve hardness, stiffness, and strength. It is also used in batteries and as a pigment.

Atomic Number25
Atomic Mass54.94 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Ar] 3d5 4s2
Oxidation States+2, +7
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)127 pm
Ionization Energy717.3 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity0 kJ/mol
Melting Point1519 K
Boiling Point2334 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)7.3 g/cm3
Year Discovered1774

26

Fe

Transition metal

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Iron is a metal that has been used for thousands of years. It is the main component of steel and is essential for the transport of oxygen in the blood.

Atomic Number26
Atomic Mass55.84 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Ar] 3d6 4s2
Oxidation States+2, +3
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)126 pm
Ionization Energy762.5 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity15.7 kJ/mol
Melting Point1811 K
Boiling Point3134 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)7.87 g/cm3
Year DiscoveredAncient

27

Co

Transition metal

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Cobalt is a hard, lustrous metal used in alloys for its strength and resistance to oxidation. It is also used in batteries and as a pigment in glass and ceramics.

Atomic Number27
Atomic Mass58.93 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Ar] 3d7 4s2
Oxidation States+2, +3
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)125 pm
Ionization Energy760.4 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity63.898 kJ/mol
Melting Point1768 K
Boiling Point3200 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)8.86 g/cm3
Year Discovered1735

28

Ni

Transition metal

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Nickel is a silvery-white metal used in stainless steel, coins, and rechargeable batteries. It is known for its corrosion resistance and ability to form alloys.

Atomic Number28
Atomic Mass58.69 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Ar] 3d8 4s2
Oxidation States+2
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)124 pm
Ionization Energy737.1 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity111.65 kJ/mol
Melting Point1728 K
Boiling Point3186 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)8.90 g/cm3
Year Discovered1751

29

Cu

Transition metal

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Copper is a reddish-brown metal known for its high electrical and thermal conductivity. It is widely used in electrical wiring, plumbing, and coinage.

Atomic Number29
Atomic Mass63.55 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Ar] 3d10 4s1
Oxidation States+1, +2
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)128 pm
Ionization Energy745.5 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity119.235 kJ/mol
Melting Point1357.77 K
Boiling Point2835 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)8.96 g/cm3
Year DiscoveredAncient

30

Zn

Transition metal

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Zinc is a bluish-white metal used in galvanizing steel to prevent rust, in making brass, and as an essential mineral in human health.

Atomic Number30
Atomic Mass65.40 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Ar] 3d10 4s2
Oxidation States+2
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)134 pm
Ionization Energy906.4 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity0 kJ/mol
Melting Point692.68 K
Boiling Point1180 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)7.14 g/cm3
Year Discovered1746

31

Ga

Post-transition metal

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Gallium is a soft, silvery metal that melts in your hand. It is used in electronics, particularly in semiconductors and LED technology.

Atomic Number31
Atomic Mass69.72 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1
Oxidation States+3
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)135 pm
Ionization Energy578.8 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity28.9 kJ/mol
Melting Point302.91 K
Boiling Point2477 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)5.91 g/cm3
Year Discovered1875

32

Ge

Metalloid

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Germanium is a hard, grayish-white metalloid used in semiconductors, fiber optics, and infrared optics. It has properties similar to silicon.

Atomic Number32
Atomic Mass72.63 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2
Oxidation States+4
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)125 pm
Ionization Energy762 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity119 kJ/mol
Melting Point1211.4 K
Boiling Point3106 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)5.323 g/cm3
Year Discovered1886

33

As

Metalloid

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Arsenic is a metalloid known for its toxicity but also used in pesticides, semiconductors, and as an alloying agent in lead and copper.

Atomic Number33
Atomic Mass74.92 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p3
Oxidation States-3, +5
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)114 pm
Ionization Energy947 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity78 kJ/mol
Melting Point1090 K
Boiling Point887 K (sublimes)
Density (standard temp and pressure)5.727 g/cm3
Year DiscoveredAncient

34

Se

Nonmetal

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Selenium is a nonmetal with photoconductive properties, used in photocopiers, solar cells, and as an essential nutrient in small amounts.

Atomic Number34
Atomic Mass78.97 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p4
Oxidation States-2, +6
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)103 pm
Ionization Energy941 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity195 kJ/mol
Melting Point494 K
Boiling Point958 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)4.81 g/cm3
Year Discovered1817

35

Br

Halogen

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Bromine is a reddish-brown liquid at room temperature, used in flame retardants, photography chemicals, and in the production of certain medications.

Atomic Number35
Atomic Mass79.90 u
Standard StateLiquid
Electron Configuration[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p5
Oxidation States-1
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)94 pm
Ionization Energy1140 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity325 kJ/mol
Melting Point265.8 K
Boiling Point332.0 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)3.1028 g/cm3
Year Discovered1826

36

Kr

Noble gas

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Krypton is a colorless, odorless noble gas used in lighting and photography. It is known for its high light output and low energy consumption.

Atomic Number36
Atomic Mass83.80 u
Standard StateGas
Electron Configuration[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p6
Oxidation States0
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)88 pm
Ionization Energy1350 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity0 kJ/mol
Melting Point115.79 K
Boiling Point119.93 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)0.003733 g/cm3
Year Discovered1898

37

Rb

Alkali metal

More on Wikipedia

Rubidium is a soft, silvery-white metal used in research and in specialty glasses. It has applications in atomic clocks and as a component in fireworks.

Atomic Number37
Atomic Mass85.47 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Kr] 5s1
Oxidation States+1
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)303 pm
Ionization Energy403 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity46.884 kJ/mol
Melting Point312.46 K
Boiling Point961 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)1.532 g/cm3
Year Discovered1861

38

Sr

Alkaline earth metal

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Strontium is a soft, silver-yellow alkaline earth metal used in fireworks and flares for its bright red flame. It is also used in producing ferrite magnets and in refining zinc.

Atomic Number38
Atomic Mass87.62 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Kr] 5s2
Oxidation States+2
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)255 pm
Ionization Energy550 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity5.023 kJ/mol
Melting Point1050 K
Boiling Point1655 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)2.64 g/cm3
Year Discovered1790

39

Y

Transition metal

More on Wikipedia

Yttrium is a silvery-metallic element used in LEDs, phosphors in color TV tubes, and in the production of superconductors and medical lasers.

Atomic Number39
Atomic Mass88.91 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Kr] 4d1 5s2
Oxidation States+3
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)180 pm
Ionization Energy600 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity29.6 kJ/mol
Melting Point1799 K
Boiling Point3203 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)4.472 g/cm3
Year Discovered1794

40

Zr

Transition metal

More on Wikipedia

Zirconium is a lustrous, gray-white metal used in nuclear reactors due to its low neutron-capture cross-section. It is also used in ceramics and jewelry.

Atomic Number40
Atomic Mass91.22 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Kr] 4d2 5s2
Oxidation States+4
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)155 pm
Ionization Energy640 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity41.1 kJ/mol
Melting Point2128 K
Boiling Point4650 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)6.52 g/cm3
Year Discovered1789

41

Nb

Transition metal

More on Wikipedia

Niobium is a shiny, white, soft metal used in alloys to improve strength, especially in pipelines and jet engines. It is also used in superconducting materials.

Atomic Number41
Atomic Mass92.91 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Kr] 4d4 5s1
Oxidation States+5
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)145 pm
Ionization Energy652.1 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity86.1 kJ/mol
Melting Point2750 K
Boiling Point5017 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)8.57 g/cm3
Year Discovered1801

42

Mo

Transition metal

More on Wikipedia

Molybdenum is a hard, silvery metal used in steel alloys to improve strength and resistance to corrosion. It is also essential in biological processes.

Atomic Number42
Atomic Mass95.95 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Kr] 4d5 5s1
Oxidation States+6
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)145 pm
Ionization Energy684.3 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity71.9 kJ/mol
Melting Point2896 K
Boiling Point4912 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)10.22 g/cm3
Year Discovered1778

43

Tc

Transition metal

More on Wikipedia

Technetium is a radioactive metal used in medical diagnostic imaging and as a tracer in various scientific applications. It is the lightest element with no stable isotopes.

Atomic Number43
Atomic Mass96.91 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Kr] 4d5 5s2
Oxidation States+7
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)136 pm
Ionization Energy702 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity53 kJ/mol
Melting Point2430 K
Boiling Point4538 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)11 g/cm3
Year Discovered1937

44

Ru

Transition metal

More on Wikipedia

Ruthenium is a rare transition metal used in electronics, particularly in chip resistors and electrical contacts. It is also used in some platinum alloys.

Atomic Number44
Atomic Mass101.10 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Kr] 4d7 5s1
Oxidation States+3
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)134 pm
Ionization Energy710.2 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity100.96 kJ/mol
Melting Point2607 K
Boiling Point4423 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)12.37 g/cm3
Year Discovered1844

45

Rh

Transition metal

More on Wikipedia

Rhodium is a rare, silvery-white metal used in catalytic converters, jewelry, and mirrors for its high reflectance and corrosion resistance.

Atomic Number45
Atomic Mass102.91 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Kr] 4d8 5s1
Oxidation States+3
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)134 pm
Ionization Energy719.7 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity110.27 kJ/mol
Melting Point2237 K
Boiling Point3968 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)12.41 g/cm3
Year Discovered1803

46

Pd

Transition metal

More on Wikipedia

Palladium is a rare, precious metal used in catalytic converters, electronics, and jewelry. It is known for its ability to absorb hydrogen.

Atomic Number46
Atomic Mass106.42 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Kr] 4d10
Oxidation States+2, +4
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)137 pm
Ionization Energy804.4 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity54.24 kJ/mol
Melting Point1828.05 K
Boiling Point3236 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)12.02 g/cm3
Year Discovered1803

47

Ag

Transition metal

More on Wikipedia

Silver is a soft, white, lustrous metal with the highest electrical conductivity of any element. It is used in jewelry, electronics, and as a currency.

Atomic Number47
Atomic Mass107.87 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Kr] 4d10 5s1
Oxidation States+1
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)144 pm
Ionization Energy731 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity125.862 kJ/mol
Melting Point1234.93 K
Boiling Point2435 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)10.49 g/cm3
Year DiscoveredAncient

48

Cd

Transition metal

More on Wikipedia

Cadmium is a soft, bluish-white metal used in batteries, pigments, and coatings. It is toxic and requires careful handling.

Atomic Number48
Atomic Mass112.41 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Kr] 4d10 5s2
Oxidation States+2
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)151 pm
Ionization Energy867.8 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity0 kJ/mol
Melting Point594.22 K
Boiling Point1040 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)8.65 g/cm3
Year Discovered1817

49

In

Post-transition metal

More on Wikipedia

Indium is a soft, malleable metal used in touchscreens, semiconductors, and in soldering. It has a low melting point and is used in low-temperature alloys.

Atomic Number49
Atomic Mass114.82 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p1
Oxidation States+3
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)167 pm
Ionization Energy558.3 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity37.043 kJ/mol
Melting Point429.75 K
Boiling Point2345 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)7.31 g/cm3
Year Discovered1863

50

Sn

Post-transition metal

More on Wikipedia

Tin is a soft, malleable metal used in alloys such as bronze and solder. It has a low melting point and is resistant to corrosion.

Atomic Number50
Atomic Mass118.71 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2
Oxidation States+4
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)140 pm
Ionization Energy708.6 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity107.298 kJ/mol
Melting Point505.08 K
Boiling Point2875 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)7.265 g/cm3
Year DiscoveredAncient

51

Sb

Metalloid

More on Wikipedia

Antimony is a brittle, lustrous metalloid used in flame retardants, batteries, and alloys to improve hardness. It is also used in some semiconductor devices.

Atomic Number51
Atomic Mass121.76 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p3
Oxidation States-3, +5
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)140 pm
Ionization Energy834 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity101.1 kJ/mol
Melting Point903.78 K
Boiling Point1860 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)6.697 g/cm3
Year DiscoveredAncient

52

Te

Metalloid

More on Wikipedia

Tellurium is a brittle, silvery-white metalloid used in alloys to improve machinability and in solar panels. It is also a component of thermoelectric devices.

Atomic Number52
Atomic Mass127.60 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p4
Oxidation States-2, +6
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)135 pm
Ionization Energy869.3 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity190.161 kJ/mol
Melting Point722.66 K
Boiling Point1261 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)6.24 g/cm3
Year Discovered1782

53

I

Halogen

More on Wikipedia

Iodine is a dark, lustrous solid used as a disinfectant and in thyroid health. It is also used in photography and in the production of acetic acid.

Atomic Number53
Atomic Mass126.90 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p5
Oxidation States-1
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)133 pm
Ionization Energy1008.4 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity295.153 kJ/mol
Melting Point386.85 K
Boiling Point457.4 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)4.933 g/cm3
Year Discovered1811

54

Xe

Noble gas

More on Wikipedia

Xenon is a colorless, odorless noble gas used in high-intensity lamps, medical imaging, and as a general anesthetic. It is known for its high density and inertness.

Atomic Number54
Atomic Mass131.29 u
Standard StateGas
Electron Configuration[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p6
Oxidation States0
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)130 pm
Ionization Energy1170.4 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity0 kJ/mol
Melting Point161.4 K
Boiling Point165.03 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)0.005887 g/cm3
Year Discovered1898

55

Cs

Alkali metal

More on Wikipedia

Cesium is a soft, gold-colored alkali metal that is highly reactive. It is used in atomic clocks, photoelectric cells, and as a getter in vacuum tubes.

Atomic Number55
Atomic Mass132.91 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Xe] 6s1
Oxidation States+1
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)343 pm
Ionization Energy375.7 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity45.505 kJ/mol
Melting Point301.59 K
Boiling Point944 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)1.93 g/cm3
Year Discovered1860

56

Ba

Alkaline earth metal

More on Wikipedia

Barium is a soft, silvery alkaline earth metal used in drilling fluids for oil and gas wells, and in the production of paints, glass, and rubber.

Atomic Number56
Atomic Mass137.33 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Xe] 6s2
Oxidation States+2
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)268 pm
Ionization Energy502.9 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity13.95 kJ/mol
Melting Point1000 K
Boiling Point2170 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)3.62 g/cm3
Year Discovered1808

57

La

Lanthanide

More on Wikipedia

Lanthanum is a soft, malleable, silvery-white metal used in camera lenses, studio lighting, and as a catalyst in petroleum refining.

Atomic Number57
Atomic Mass138.91 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Xe] 5d1 6s2
Oxidation States+3
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)240 pm
Ionization Energy538.1 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity53 kJ/mol
Melting Point1193 K
Boiling Point3737 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)6.15 g/cm3
Year Discovered1839

58

Ce

Lanthanide

More on Wikipedia

Cerium is a soft, silvery metal used in catalytic converters, glass polishing, and in making flints for lighters. It is the most abundant of the rare earth elements.

Atomic Number58
Atomic Mass140.12 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2
Oxidation States+3, +4
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)235 pm
Ionization Energy534.4 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity50 kJ/mol
Melting Point1068 K
Boiling Point3716 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)6.77 g/cm3
Year Discovered1803

59

Pr

Lanthanide

More on Wikipedia

Praseodymium is a soft, silvery metal used in aircraft engines, studio lighting, and as a core material for carbon arc lights used in the motion picture industry.

Atomic Number59
Atomic Mass140.91 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Xe] 4f3 6s2
Oxidation States+3
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)239 pm
Ionization Energy527 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity50 kJ/mol
Melting Point1208 K
Boiling Point3793 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)6.77 g/cm3
Year Discovered1885

60

Nd

Lanthanide

More on Wikipedia

Neodymium is a bright, silvery metal used in powerful permanent magnets, which are critical components in modern electronics and renewable energy technologies.

Atomic Number60
Atomic Mass144.24 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Xe] 4f4 6s2
Oxidation States+3
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)229 pm
Ionization Energy533.1 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity50 kJ/mol
Melting Point1297 K
Boiling Point3347 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)7.01 g/cm3
Year Discovered1885

61

Pm

Lanthanide

More on Wikipedia

Promethium is a rare, radioactive metal used in research, in luminous paint, and as a beta radiation source in thickness gauges.

Atomic Number61
Atomic Mass144.91 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Xe] 4f5 6s2
Oxidation States+3
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)236 pm
Ionization Energy540 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity50 kJ/mol
Melting Point1315 K
Boiling Point3273 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)7.26 g/cm3
Year Discovered1947

62

Sm

Lanthanide

More on Wikipedia

Samarium is a silvery-white metal used in magnets, particularly samarium-cobalt magnets, which are known for their high strength and resistance to demagnetization.

Atomic Number62
Atomic Mass150.40 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Xe] 4f6 6s2
Oxidation States+2, +3
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)238 pm
Ionization Energy545 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity50 kJ/mol
Melting Point1345 K
Boiling Point2067 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)7.52 g/cm3
Year Discovered1879

63

Eu

Lanthanide

More on Wikipedia

Europium is a soft, silvery metal used in phosphorescent and fluorescent applications, such as in television screens, and in anti-counterfeiting phosphors in Euro banknotes.

Atomic Number63
Atomic Mass151.96 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Xe] 4f7 6s2
Oxidation States+2, +3
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)231 pm
Ionization Energy547.1 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity50 kJ/mol
Melting Point1099 K
Boiling Point1802 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)5.264 g/cm3
Year Discovered1896

64

Gd

Lanthanide

More on Wikipedia

Gadolinium is a silvery-white metal used in MRI contrast agents, in neutron capture therapy for cancer treatment, and in making phosphors for color television tubes.

Atomic Number64
Atomic Mass157.20 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2
Oxidation States+3
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)233 pm
Ionization Energy593.4 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity50 kJ/mol
Melting Point1585 K
Boiling Point3546 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)7.9 g/cm3
Year Discovered1880

65

Tb

Lanthanide

More on Wikipedia

Terbium is a silvery-white metal used in solid-state devices, as a dopant in calcium fluoride, and in green phosphors for color television tubes.

Atomic Number65
Atomic Mass158.93 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Xe] 4f9 6s2
Oxidation States+3
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)225 pm
Ionization Energy565.8 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity50 kJ/mol
Melting Point1629 K
Boiling Point3503 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)8.23 g/cm3
Year Discovered1843

66

Dy

Lanthanide

More on Wikipedia

Dysprosium is a soft, silvery metal used in magnets, lasers, and in neutron-absorbing control rods in nuclear reactors.

Atomic Number66
Atomic Mass162.50 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Xe] 4f10 6s2
Oxidation States+3
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)228 pm
Ionization Energy573 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity50 kJ/mol
Melting Point1680 K
Boiling Point2840 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)8.55 g/cm3
Year Discovered1886

67

Ho

Lanthanide

More on Wikipedia

Holmium is a soft, silvery metal used in magnets, in solid-state lasers, and as a neutron absorber in nuclear reactors.

Atomic Number67
Atomic Mass164.93 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Xe] 4f11 6s2
Oxidation States+3
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)226 pm
Ionization Energy581 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity50 kJ/mol
Melting Point1734 K
Boiling Point2993 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)8.79 g/cm3
Year Discovered1878

68

Er

Lanthanide

More on Wikipedia

Erbium is a soft, silvery metal used in fiber-optic communications, in laser applications, and as a nuclear reactor control material.

Atomic Number68
Atomic Mass167.26 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Xe] 4f12 6s2
Oxidation States+3
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)226 pm
Ionization Energy589.3 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity50 kJ/mol
Melting Point1802 K
Boiling Point3141 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)9.066 g/cm3
Year Discovered1842

69

Tm

Lanthanide

More on Wikipedia

Thulium is a soft, silvery metal used in portable X-ray machines, in lasers, and as a radiation source in nuclear reactors.

Atomic Number69
Atomic Mass168.93 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Xe] 4f13 6s2
Oxidation States+3
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)222 pm
Ionization Energy596.7 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity50 kJ/mol
Melting Point1818 K
Boiling Point2223 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)9.32 g/cm3
Year Discovered1879

70

Yb

Lanthanide

More on Wikipedia

Ytterbium is a soft, silvery metal used in improving the grain refinement, strength, and other mechanical properties of stainless steel. It is also used in lasers.

Atomic Number70
Atomic Mass173.05 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Xe] 4f14 6s2
Oxidation States+2, +3
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)222 pm
Ionization Energy603.4 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity50 kJ/mol
Melting Point1097 K
Boiling Point1469 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)6.57 g/cm3
Year Discovered1878

71

Lu

Lanthanide

More on Wikipedia

Lutetium is a silvery-white metal used in PET scan detectors, in catalysts for cracking hydrocarbons in oil refineries, and in various metallurgical applications.

Atomic Number71
Atomic Mass174.97 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Xe] 4f14 5d1 6s2
Oxidation States+3
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)217 pm
Ionization Energy523.5 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity50 kJ/mol
Melting Point1925 K
Boiling Point3675 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)9.84 g/cm3
Year Discovered1907

72

Hf

Transition metal

More on Wikipedia

Hafnium is a lustrous, silver-gray metal used in nuclear reactors due to its ability to absorb neutrons, and in high-temperature alloys and ceramics.

Atomic Number72
Atomic Mass178.49 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
Oxidation States+4
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)208 pm
Ionization Energy658.5 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity0 kJ/mol
Melting Point2506 K
Boiling Point4876 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)13.31 g/cm3
Year Discovered1923

73

Ta

Transition metal

More on Wikipedia

Tantalum is a hard, blue-gray metal used in electronics, particularly in capacitors and high-power resistors, and in surgical implants and bone repair materials.

Atomic Number73
Atomic Mass180.95 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Xe] 4f14 5d3 6s2
Oxidation States+5
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)200 pm
Ionization Energy761 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity31 kJ/mol
Melting Point3290 K
Boiling Point5731 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)16.69 g/cm3
Year Discovered1802

74

W

Transition metal

More on Wikipedia

Tungsten is a hard, dense metal used in light bulb filaments, cutting tools, and in military applications due to its high melting point and density.

Atomic Number74
Atomic Mass183.84 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Xe] 4f14 5d4 6s2
Oxidation States+6
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)193 pm
Ionization Energy770 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity78.76 kJ/mol
Melting Point3695 K
Boiling Point5828 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)19.25 g/cm3
Year Discovered1783

75

Re

Transition metal

More on Wikipedia

Rhenium is a rare, silvery-white metal used in high-temperature turbine engines, rocket engines, and as a catalyst in refining lead-free, high-octane gasoline.

Atomic Number75
Atomic Mass186.21 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Xe] 4f14 5d5 6s2
Oxidation States+7
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)188 pm
Ionization Energy760 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity5.8273 kJ/mol
Melting Point3459 K
Boiling Point5869 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)21.02 g/cm3
Year Discovered1925

76

Os

Transition metal

More on Wikipedia

Osmium is a dense, bluish-white metal used in fountain pen nibs, electrical contacts, and as a catalyst in chemical reactions.

Atomic Number76
Atomic Mass190.20 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Xe] 4f14 5d6 6s2
Oxidation States+4
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)185 pm
Ionization Energy840 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity103.99 kJ/mol
Melting Point3306 K
Boiling Point5285 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)22.59 g/cm3
Year Discovered1803

77

Ir

Transition metal

More on Wikipedia

Iridium is a hard, brittle, silvery-white metal used in high-temperature crucibles, spark plugs, and as a hardening agent for platinum alloys.

Atomic Number77
Atomic Mass192.22 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Xe] 4f14 5d7 6s2
Oxidation States+4
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)180 pm
Ionization Energy880 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity150.94 kJ/mol
Melting Point2719 K
Boiling Point4701 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)22.56 g/cm3
Year Discovered1803

78

Pt

Transition metal

More on Wikipedia

Platinum is a dense, malleable, silvery-white metal used in catalytic converters, jewelry, and in various industrial applications due to its resistance to corrosion.

Atomic Number78
Atomic Mass195.08 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Xe] 4f14 5d9 6s1
Oxidation States+2, +4
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)177 pm
Ionization Energy870 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity205.041 kJ/mol
Melting Point2041.4 K
Boiling Point4098 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)21.46 g/cm3
Year DiscoveredAncient

79

Au

Transition metal

More on Wikipedia

Gold is a soft, yellow metal known for its malleability and resistance to corrosion. It is widely used in jewelry, electronics, and as a standard for monetary systems.

Atomic Number79
Atomic Mass196.97 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1
Oxidation States+1, +3
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)174 pm
Ionization Energy890.1 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity222.747 kJ/mol
Melting Point1337.33 K
Boiling Point3129 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)19.32 g/cm3
Year DiscoveredAncient

80

Hg

Transition metal

More on Wikipedia

Mercury is a heavy, silvery liquid metal used in thermometers, barometers, and other scientific instruments, as well as in dental amalgams and fluorescent lighting.

Atomic Number80
Atomic Mass200.59 u
Standard StateLiquid
Electron Configuration[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2
Oxidation States+1, +2
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)171 pm
Ionization Energy1007.1 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity0 kJ/mol
Melting Point234.43 K
Boiling Point629.88 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)13.534 g/cm3
Year DiscoveredAncient

81

Tl

Post-transition metal

More on Wikipedia

Thallium is a soft, gray metal used in electronic devices, in glass manufacturing, and historically in rat poisons and insecticides.

Atomic Number81
Atomic Mass204.38 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1
Oxidation States+1, +3
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)156 pm
Ionization Energy589.4 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity36.4 kJ/mol
Melting Point577 K
Boiling Point1746 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)11.85 g/cm3
Year Discovered1861

82

Pb

Post-transition metal

More on Wikipedia

Lead is a dense, soft, malleable metal used in batteries, radiation shielding, and historically in paints and pipes. It is toxic and requires careful handling.

Atomic Number82
Atomic Mass207.00 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2
Oxidation States+2, +4
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)154 pm
Ionization Energy715.6 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity35.1 kJ/mol
Melting Point600.61 K
Boiling Point2022 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)11.34 g/cm3
Year DiscoveredAncient

83

Bi

Post-transition metal

More on Wikipedia

Bismuth is a brittle, white metal with a pinkish tinge, used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and as a replacement for lead in various applications due to its non-toxicity.

Atomic Number83
Atomic Mass208.98 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3
Oxidation States+3, +5
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)143 pm
Ionization Energy703 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity90.924 kJ/mol
Melting Point544.7 K
Boiling Point1837 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)9.78 g/cm3
Year DiscoveredAncient

84

Po

Metalloid

More on Wikipedia

Polonium is a rare, radioactive metal used in anti-static devices and as a heat source in space satellites.

Atomic Number84
Atomic Mass208.98 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4
Oxidation States+2, +4
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)135 pm
Ionization Energy812.1 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity183.3 kJ/mol
Melting Point527 K
Boiling Point1235 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)9.20 g/cm3
Year Discovered1898

85

At

Halogen

More on Wikipedia

Astatine is a rare, highly radioactive element used in research and potentially in cancer treatment due to its ability to target and destroy cancer cells.

Atomic Number85
Atomic Mass209.99 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p5
Oxidation States-1, +1, +3, +5
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)127 pm
Ionization Energy899.003 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity233 kJ/mol
Melting Point575 K
Boiling Point610 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)7 g/cm3
Year Discovered1940

86

Rn

Noble gas

More on Wikipedia

Radon is a colorless, odorless radioactive gas resulting from the decay of uranium, used in cancer treatment and as a tracer in geological research.

Atomic Number86
Atomic Mass222.02 u
Standard StateGas
Electron Configuration[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p6
Oxidation States0
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)120 pm
Ionization Energy1037 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity0 kJ/mol
Melting Point202 K
Boiling Point211.45 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)9.73 g/L
Year Discovered1900

87

Fr

Alkali metal

More on Wikipedia

Francium is a highly radioactive metal and the second rarest naturally occurring element. It has few practical applications due to its high instability and rarity.

Atomic Number87
Atomic Mass223.02 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Rn] 7s1
Oxidation States+1
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)348 pm
Ionization Energy380 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity46.89 kJ/mol
Melting Point300 K
Boiling Point950 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)1.87 g/cm3
Year Discovered1939

88

Ra

Alkaline earth metal

More on Wikipedia

Radium is a highly radioactive metal used historically in luminous paints and for cancer treatment. Its use has declined due to its high radioactivity and health risks.

Atomic Number88
Atomic Mass226.03 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Rn] 7s2
Oxidation States+2
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)283 pm
Ionization Energy509.3 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity9.6485 kJ/mol
Melting Point973 K
Boiling Point2010 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)5.5 g/cm3
Year Discovered1898

89

Ac

Actinide

More on Wikipedia

Actinium is a soft, silvery-white radioactive metal used in neutron emitters and as a source of alpha particles. It is also used in research on radiation therapy.

Atomic Number89
Atomic Mass227.03 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Rn] 6d1 7s2
Oxidation States+3
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)260 pm
Ionization Energy499 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity33.77 kJ/mol
Melting Point1323 K
Boiling Point3471 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)10.07 g/cm3
Year Discovered1899

90

Th

Actinide

More on Wikipedia

Thorium is a weakly radioactive metal used in high-temperature ceramics, gas mantles, and as a potential nuclear fuel in thorium reactors.

Atomic Number90
Atomic Mass232.04 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Rn] 6d2 7s2
Oxidation States+4
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)237 pm
Ionization Energy587 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity112.72 kJ/mol
Melting Point2023 K
Boiling Point5061 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)11.72 g/cm3
Year Discovered1828

91

Pa

Actinide

More on Wikipedia

Protactinium is a dense, silvery-gray radioactive metal used in research. It has no significant industrial applications due to its scarcity and radioactivity.

Atomic Number91
Atomic Mass231.04 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Rn] 5f2 6d1 7s2
Oxidation States+5
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)243 pm
Ionization Energy568 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity53.03 kJ/mol
Melting Point1845 K
Boiling Point4300 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)15.37 g/cm3
Year Discovered1913

92

U

Actinide

More on Wikipedia

Uranium is a heavy, radioactive metal used primarily as a fuel in nuclear power plants and in the production of nuclear weapons.

Atomic Number92
Atomic Mass238.03 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Rn] 5f3 6d1 7s2
Oxidation States+3, +4, +5, +6
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)240 pm
Ionization Energy597.6 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity50.94 kJ/mol
Melting Point1405.3 K
Boiling Point4404 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)19.1 g/cm3
Year Discovered1789

93

Np

Actinide

More on Wikipedia

Neptunium is a radioactive metal used in neutron detectors and as a precursor for plutonium production. It has potential applications in radioisotope thermoelectric generators.

Atomic Number93
Atomic Mass237.05 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Rn] 5f4 6d1 7s2
Oxidation States+3, +4, +5, +6, +7
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)221 pm
Ionization Energy604.5 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity50.56 kJ/mol
Melting Point917 K
Boiling Point4273 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)20.45 g/cm3
Year Discovered1940

94

Pu

Actinide

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Plutonium is a heavy, radioactive metal used as a fuel in nuclear reactors and in the production of nuclear weapons. It is also used in radioisotope thermoelectric generators.

Atomic Number94
Atomic Mass244.06 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Rn] 5f6 7s2
Oxidation States+3, +4, +5, +6, +7
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)243 pm
Ionization Energy584.7 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity48.33 kJ/mol
Melting Point913 K
Boiling Point3501 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)19.84 g/cm3
Year Discovered1940

95

Am

Actinide

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Americium is a synthetic radioactive metal used in smoke detectors, industrial gauges, and as a source of gamma rays in radiography.

Atomic Number95
Atomic Mass243.06 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Rn] 5f7 7s2
Oxidation States+2, +3, +4, +5, +6
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)244 pm
Ionization Energy578 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity9.93 kJ/mol
Melting Point1449 K
Boiling Point2284 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)12 g/cm3
Year Discovered1944

96

Cm

Actinide

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Curium is a radioactive metal used in alpha particle X-ray spectrometers, and as a power source in space missions. It is highly toxic due to its radioactivity.

Atomic Number96
Atomic Mass247.07 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Rn] 5f7 6d1 7s2
Oxidation States+3, +4
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)245 pm
Ionization Energy581 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity27.17 kJ/mol
Melting Point1613 K
Boiling Point3383 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)13.51 g/cm3
Year Discovered1944

97

Bk

Actinide

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Berkelium is a synthetic radioactive metal used in scientific research. It has no significant commercial applications due to its high radioactivity and scarcity.

Atomic Number97
Atomic Mass247.07 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Rn] 5f9 7s2
Oxidation States+3, +4
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)244 pm
Ionization Energy601 kJ/mol
Electron AffinityN/A
Melting Point1259 K
Boiling Point2900 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)14.78 g/cm3
Year Discovered1949

98

Cf

Actinide

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Californium is a highly radioactive metal used in neutron sources for neutron activation analysis, in medical treatments, and in oil well logging.

Atomic Number98
Atomic Mass251.08 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Rn] 5f10 7s2
Oxidation States+3, +4
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)245 pm
Ionization Energy608 kJ/mol
Electron AffinityN/A
Melting Point1173 K
Boiling Point1743 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)15.1 g/cm3
Year Discovered1950

99

Es

Actinide

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Einsteinium is a synthetic radioactive metal used in scientific research to produce heavier elements. It has no significant commercial applications.

Atomic Number99
Atomic Mass252.08 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Rn] 5f11 7s2
Oxidation States+3
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)245 pm
Ionization Energy619 kJ/mol
Electron AffinityN/A
Melting Point1133 K
Boiling Point1269 K
Density (standard temp and pressure)8.84 g/cm3
Year Discovered1952

100

Fm

Actinide

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Fermium is a synthetic radioactive metal used in scientific research. It is primarily produced in nuclear reactors and has no significant commercial applications.

Atomic Number100
Atomic Mass257.10 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Rn] 5f12 7s2
Oxidation States+3
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)244 pm
Ionization Energy627 kJ/mol
Electron AffinityN/A
Melting Point1125 K
Boiling PointN/A
Density (standard temp and pressure)N/A
Year Discovered1952

101

Md

Actinide

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Mendelevium is a synthetic radioactive metal used in scientific research. It has no significant commercial applications due to its high radioactivity and limited availability.

Atomic Number101
Atomic Mass258.10 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Rn] 5f13 7s2
Oxidation States+2, +3
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)245 pm
Ionization Energy635 kJ/mol
Electron AffinityN/A
Melting Point1100 K
Boiling PointN/A
Density (standard temp and pressure)N/A
Year Discovered1955

102

No

Actinide

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Nobelium is a synthetic radioactive metal used in scientific research. It is primarily produced in particle accelerators and has no significant commercial applications.

Atomic Number102
Atomic Mass259.10 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Rn] 5f14 7s2
Oxidation States+2, +3
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)246 pm
Ionization Energy642 kJ/mol
Electron AffinityN/A
Melting Point1100 K
Boiling PointN/A
Density (standard temp and pressure)N/A
Year Discovered1957

103

Lr

Actinide

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Lawrencium is a synthetic radioactive metal used in scientific research. It has no significant commercial applications and is produced in minuscule amounts.

Atomic Number103
Atomic Mass262.12 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Rn] 5f14 7s2 7p1
Oxidation States+3
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)N/A
Ionization Energy470 kJ/mol
Electron AffinityN/A
Melting Point1900 K
Boiling PointN/A
Density (standard temp and pressure)N/A
Year Discovered1961

104

Rf

Transition metal

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Rutherfordium is a synthetic radioactive metal used in scientific research. It has no significant commercial applications due to its short half-life and limited availability.

Atomic Number104
Atomic Mass267.12 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2
Oxidation States+4
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)N/A
Ionization Energy580 kJ/mol
Electron AffinityN/A
Melting PointN/A
Boiling PointN/A
Density (standard temp and pressure)N/A
Year Discovered1969

105

Db

Transition metal

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Dubnium is a synthetic radioactive metal used in scientific research. It has no significant commercial applications and is produced in very small quantities.

Atomic Number105
Atomic Mass268.13 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Rn] 5f14 6d3 7s2
Oxidation States+5
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)N/A
Ionization Energy664 kJ/mol
Electron AffinityN/A
Melting PointN/A
Boiling PointN/A
Density (standard temp and pressure)N/A
Year Discovered1967

106

Sg

Transition metal

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Seaborgium is a synthetic radioactive metal used in scientific research. It has no significant commercial applications and is produced in minute amounts.

Atomic Number106
Atomic Mass269.13 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Rn] 5f14 6d4 7s2
Oxidation States+6
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)N/A
Ionization Energy742 kJ/mol
Electron AffinityN/A
Melting PointN/A
Boiling PointN/A
Density (standard temp and pressure)N/A
Year Discovered1974

107

Bh

Transition metal

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Bohrium is a synthetic radioactive metal used in scientific research. It has no significant commercial applications and is produced in extremely small quantities.

Atomic Number107
Atomic Mass270.13 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Rn] 5f14 6d5 7s2
Oxidation States+7
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)N/A
Ionization Energy742 kJ/mol
Electron AffinityN/A
Melting PointN/A
Boiling PointN/A
Density (standard temp and pressure)N/A
Year Discovered1981

108

Hs

Transition metal

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Hassium is a synthetic radioactive metal used in scientific research. It has no significant commercial applications and is produced in very limited amounts.

Atomic Number108
Atomic Mass269.13 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Rn] 5f14 6d6 7s2
Oxidation States+8
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)N/A
Ionization EnergyN/A
Electron AffinityN/A
Melting PointN/A
Boiling PointN/A
Density (standard temp and pressure)N/A
Year Discovered1984

109

Mt

Transition metal

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Meitnerium is a synthetic radioactive metal used in scientific research. It has no significant commercial applications and is produced in extremely small quantities.

Atomic Number109
Atomic Mass277.15 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Rn] 5f14 6d7 7s2
Oxidation States+9
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)N/A
Ionization EnergyN/A
Electron AffinityN/A
Melting PointN/A
Boiling PointN/A
Density (standard temp and pressure)N/A
Year Discovered1982

110

Ds

Transition metal

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Darmstadtium is a synthetic radioactive metal used in scientific research. It has no significant commercial applications and is produced in minute amounts.

Atomic Number110
Atomic Mass282.17 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Rn] 5f14 6d9 7s1
Oxidation States+10
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)N/A
Ionization EnergyN/A
Electron AffinityN/A
Melting PointN/A
Boiling PointN/A
Density (standard temp and pressure)N/A
Year Discovered1994

111

Rg

Transition metal

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Roentgenium is a synthetic radioactive metal used in scientific research. It has no significant commercial applications and is produced in very small quantities.

Atomic Number111
Atomic Mass282.17 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s1
Oxidation States+11
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)N/A
Ionization EnergyN/A
Electron AffinityN/A
Melting PointN/A
Boiling PointN/A
Density (standard temp and pressure)N/A
Year Discovered1994

112

Cn

Transition metal

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Copernicium is a synthetic radioactive metal used in scientific research. It has no significant commercial applications and is produced in extremely small quantities.

Atomic Number112
Atomic Mass286.18 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2
Oxidation States+2, +4
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)N/A
Ionization EnergyN/A
Electron AffinityN/A
Melting PointN/A
Boiling PointN/A
Density (standard temp and pressure)N/A
Year Discovered1996

113

Nh

Post-transition metal

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Nihonium is a synthetic radioactive metal used in scientific research. It has no significant commercial applications and is produced in minute amounts.

Atomic Number113
Atomic Mass286.18 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p1
Oxidation States+1, +3
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)N/A
Ionization EnergyN/A
Electron AffinityN/A
Melting PointN/A
Boiling PointN/A
Density (standard temp and pressure)N/A
Year Discovered2003

114

Fl

Post-transition metal

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Flerovium is a synthetic radioactive metal used in scientific research. It has no significant commercial applications and is produced in extremely small quantities.

Atomic Number114
Atomic Mass290.19 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p2
Oxidation States+2, +4
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)N/A
Ionization EnergyN/A
Electron AffinityN/A
Melting PointN/A
Boiling PointN/A
Density (standard temp and pressure)N/A
Year Discovered1999

115

Mc

Post-transition metal

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Moscovium is a synthetic radioactive metal used in scientific research. It has no significant commercial applications and is produced in very small quantities.

Atomic Number115
Atomic Mass290.20 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p3
Oxidation States+1, +3
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)N/A
Ionization EnergyN/A
Electron AffinityN/A
Melting PointN/A
Boiling PointN/A
Density (standard temp and pressure)N/A
Year Discovered2003

116

Lv

Post-transition metal

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Livermorium is a synthetic radioactive metal used in scientific research. It has no significant commercial applications and is produced in minute amounts.

Atomic Number116
Atomic Mass293.21 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p4
Oxidation States+2, +4
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)N/A
Ionization EnergyN/A
Electron AffinityN/A
Melting PointN/A
Boiling PointN/A
Density (standard temp and pressure)N/A
Year Discovered2000

117

Ts

Halogen

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Tennessine is a synthetic radioactive element used in scientific research. It has no significant commercial applications and is produced in extremely small quantities.

Atomic Number117
Atomic Mass294.21 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p5
Oxidation States+1, +3
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)N/A
Ionization EnergyN/A
Electron AffinityN/A
Melting PointN/A
Boiling PointN/A
Density (standard temp and pressure)N/A
Year Discovered2010

118

Og

Noble gas

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Oganesson is a synthetic radioactive element used in scientific research. It has no significant commercial applications and is produced in very limited amounts.

Atomic Number118
Atomic Mass295.22 u
Standard StateSolid
Electron Configuration[Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p6
Oxidation StatesN/A
Atomic Radius (van der Waals)N/A
Ionization EnergyN/A
Electron AffinityN/A
Melting PointN/A
Boiling PointN/A
Density (standard temp and pressure)N/A
Year Discovered2002