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[noun - statistics] Student’s t-distribution is a probability distribution that can be used to help estimate a population mean when the subsample size is small and the population’s standard deviation is unknown. The tool was developed by William Sealy Gosset while working for Guinness as a chemist.
Appears in modules:
- Confidence Intervals
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[noun - taxonomy & systematics] The basis, procedures, and rules for naming and classifying organisms.
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[noun] The use of long-range communication channels, such as radio waves or satellite links, to send and receive data. For example, a biologist using a collar fitted with a radio transmitter to track an animal's migration is employing telemetry.
Appears in modules:
- Sergio Avila
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[noun - weather & climate] The regions of the earth that lie between the Tropic of Cancer (~23° N) and the Arctic Circle (~66° N) in the Northern Hemisphere and the Tropic of Capricorn (~23° S) and the Antarctic Circle (~66° S) in the Southern Hemisphere. The climate of these regions, though not mild, avoids the extremes of hot and cold found in lower and higher latitudes.
Appears in modules:
- Scientific Controversy
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[adjective - planetary science, hydrology & fresh water, landforms & geologic formations, natural resources, nutrient cycles] In Environmental Science: related to, located on, or living on land. Not aquatic.
In Astronomy: related to or occurring on Earth. Not extraterrestrial (from space).Appears in modules:
- Biodiversity I
- Charles Darwin I
- Defining Minerals
- DNA II
- Energy
- Factors that Control Earth's Temperature
- Factors that Control Regional Climate
- France Anne-Dominic Córdova
- History of Earth's Atmosphere I
- History of Earth's Atmosphere II
- Photosynthesis I
- Properties of Minerals
- The Carbon Cycle
- The Hydrologic Cycle
- The Nitrogen Cycle
- The Rock Cycle
- The Silicate Minerals
- Theories, Hypotheses, and Laws
- Uncertainty, Error, and Confidence
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[noun - geometry] A figure with four triangular planes; a triangular pyramid.
Appears in modules:
- Carbon Chemistry
- The Silicate Minerals
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[person] Greek philosopher born in Miletus (ca. 624-546 BCE). Thales was a pre-Socratic philosopher, one of the Seven Sages of Greece. Herodotus reports that Thales predicted a solar eclipse in 585 BCE, thus ending a war between the Lydians and Medes. Thales' philosophy was founded on the belief that water, one of the four elements, is the origin and ultimate end of all things.
Appears in modules:
- States of Matter
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[person - taxonomy & systematics] (ca. 371 – ca. 287 BCE) A Greek philosopher from Lesbos who studied under Plato and Aristotle. He had a broad range of interests, including biology, physics, ethics and metaphysics. Two of his influential botanical works survive: Enquiry into Plants and On the Causes of Plants. Other surviving works include On Moral Characters, On Sensation, On Stones, and various fragments on physics and metaphysics. His best-remembered quote is "Life is ruled by fortune, not wisdom."
Appears in modules:
- Taxonomy I
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[noun - trigonometry] A statement that can be proven through reasoning, most commonly used in mathematics and physics. For example, the Pythagorean Theorem states that the sum of the squares of two legs of a right triangle is equal to the length of the hypotenuse squared. Though it is not immediately clear that this is true, it can be proven mathematically and thus is a theorem.
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[noun - laws & theories, scientific concepts] A scientific theory is an explanation inferred from multiple lines of evidence for some broad aspect of the natural world and is logical, testable, and predictive. Compare to hypothesis.
Appears in modules:
- Adaptation
- Animal Behavior
- Atomic Theory I
- Atomic Theory II
- Atomic Theory III
- Atomic Theory IV
- Barbara McClintock
- Carlos J. Finlay
- Cellular Organelles I
- Charles Darwin I
- Charles Darwin II
- Charles Darwin III
- Chemical Bonding
- Chemical Reactions
- Comparison in Scientific Research
- Confidence Intervals
- Creativity in Science
- Data Analysis and Interpretation
- Description in Scientific Research
- Diffusion I
- Discovery and Structure of Cells
- DNA I
- Early Ideas about Matter
- Earth Structure
- Energy
- Experimentation in Scientific Research
- Exponential Equations in Science I
- France Anne-Dominic Córdova
- Gravity
- Introduction to Descriptive Statistics
- Kinetic-Molecular Theory
- Light and Electromagnetism
- Light I
- Linear Equations in Science
- Luis Walter Alvarez
- Mario Molina
- Mendel and Independent Assortment
- Mendel and Inheritance
- Meselson and Stahl
- Modeling in Scientific Research
- Nuclear Chemistry
- Origins of Life I
- Origins of Plate Tectonic Theory
- Plates, Plate Boundaries, and Driving Forces
- Properties of Gases
- Properties of Minerals
- Santiago Ramón y Cajal and Camillo Golgi
- Scientific Controversy
- Scientific Institutions and Societies
- States of Matter
- Statistics in Science
- Taxonomy I
- Temperature
- The How and Why of Scientific Meetings
- The Mole and Atomic Mass
- The Nature of Scientific Knowledge
- The Periodic Table of Elements
- The Phosphorus Cycle
- The Practice of Science
- The Process of Science
- The Rock Cycle
- Theories, Hypotheses, and Laws
- Thermodynamics I
- Uncertainty, Error, and Confidence
- Understanding Scientific Journals and Articles
- Utilizing the Scientific Literature
- Waves and Wave Motion
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[noun - evolution & adaptation, genetics & inheritance, organisms] The theory that organisms spontaneously generate out of non-living matter. This concept was replaced by modern cell theory.
Appears in modules:
- Origins of Life I
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[adjective] Relating to heat.
Appears in modules:
- Composition of Earth's Atmosphere
- Diffusion I
- Energy
- Properties of Solids
- The Hydrologic Cycle
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[noun - atmospheric science] The outermost layer of the atmosphere, where gas molecules split apart into ions.
Appears in modules:
- Composition of Earth's Atmosphere
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[noun - laws & theories, thermodynamics] One of the three laws of Thermodynamics, or laws relating to heat power. The Third Law was developed between 1906 and 1912 by the chemist Walter Nernst and relates specifically to entropy. Nernst identifies that, within a perfect crystal, entropy corresponds to temperature. As the temperature reaches absolute zero, so does the entropy (absolute entropy). Though not physically possible (see the Second Law of Thermodynamics), this defines the mathematical limit of the universe and serves as a reference point for measuring entropy.
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[person - atoms & subatomic particles] English physicist born in Manchester (1856-1940). In 1884, Thomson won the Adams Prize for his Treatise on the Motion of Vortex Rings, which concerns atomic structure. His most famous work was a study of cathode rays, which resulted in his discovery of the electron and the existence of isotopes. For this he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1906.
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[acids, bases & pH] The process of determining the concentration of an ion in a solution by neutralizing it using a known concentration or amount of reactant
Appears in modules:
- Acids and Bases I
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[person] Italian mathematician and astronomer, born in Faenza, Italy (1608-1647). He authored Torricelli's Theorem, which states that the flow of liquid through an opening is proportional to the square root of the height of the liquid. Torricelli also experimentally proved that air has weight and invented the barometer. His work is somewhat obscure today, in part because he only published one work, Opera Geometrica.
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[noun - rocks & minerals] A fine-grained volcanic rock consisting predominantly of alkali feldspar and one or more subordinate minerals, generally hornblende or mica.
Appears in modules:
- Description in Scientific Research
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[noun - genetics & inheritance] A specific characteristic that is genetically determined.
Appears in modules:
- Adaptation
- Animal Behavior
- Barbara McClintock
- Cellular Organelles I
- Charles Darwin I
- Charles Darwin II
- Creativity in Science
- DNA II
- Future of Human Evolution
- Gene Expression
- Introduction to Descriptive Statistics
- Introduction to Paleoanthropology
- Mendel and Independent Assortment
- Mendel and Inheritance
- Population Genetics
- Theories, Hypotheses, and Laws
- Y-Chromsome and Mitochondrial DNA Haplotypes
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[noun - seismology & plate tectonics] A plate boundary where two plates are sliding past each other.
Appears in modules:
- Plates, Plate Boundaries, and Driving Forces
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[noun - matter, physical & chemical properties] A change from one stage, form, or state to another.
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[noun] The transformation of one element into another through nuclear decay or nuclear reaction.
Appears in modules:
- Charles Darwin III
- Nuclear Chemistry
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[noun - hydrology & fresh water] The transfer of water vapor into the air from plants, often called evapotranspiration.
Appears in modules:
- The Hydrologic Cycle
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[noun - research methods] In science, a treatment refers to a method for fixing or manipulating an independent variable in the course of scientific research. For more information, see our module Experimentation in Scientific Research.
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[noun - seismology & plate tectonics] In plate tectonics, trenches are tremendously deep features on the ocean floor – deep valleys that reach as far as 11 km below sea level. These trenches are the edge of subduction zones, where one plate is diving beneath another.
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[noun - trigonometry] The branch of mathematics that deals with the relations between angles and the length of the sides of a triangle, and can apply to calculations of circles and waves.
Appears in modules:
- Wave Mathematics
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[noun - atmospheric science] The boundary between the stratosphere and the troposphere in Earth’s atmosphere, where atmospheric temperature stops decreasing with increasing altitude. The tropopause is located at the highest altitude of 16-18 km near the tropics and decreases to an altitude of 7-9 km near the poles.
Appears in modules:
- Factors that Control Regional Climate
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[noun - atmospheric science, weather & climate] The lowermost 12-18 km of the atmosphere, where temperature decreases about 6.5 degrees Celsius per kilometer of altitude. Wind, precipitation, and the jet stream all occur within the troposphere.
Appears in modules:
- Composition of Earth's Atmosphere
- Factors that Control Regional Climate
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[person] Irish physicist born at Leighlin Bridge, County Carlow (1820-1893). Tyndall was one of the first scientists to recognize the natural greenhouse effect and to identify the relative importance of various greenhouse gases. He also showed that ozone is an oxygen cluster (O3), not a hydrogen compound. In addition, Tyndall was a prolific inventor, devising a respirator for firefighters, the foghorn, and the light pipe, which was the progenitor of fiber optics.
Appears in modules:
- Factors that Control Earth's Temperature
- The Hydrologic Cycle
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[person - research methods, anatomy & physiology] English physician born in Clevedon, Somerset (1650-1708). His most famous work was Orang-Outang, sive Homo Sylvestris; or, the Anatomy of a Pygmie Compared with that of a Monkey, an Ape, and a Man. He was physician and governor of the first mental hospital in Britain, the Bethlem Hospital in London, and is considered to be the founder of comparative anatomy.
Appears in modules:
- Comparison in Scientific Research
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